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<p>We developed a 3 × 3 cross-bar piezoelectric array sensor based on a flexible polyimide/lead zirconate titanate (PI/PZT) composite. The sensor exhibited piezoelectric responses under tapping (5–30&#xa0;N) and bending stimuli (10–90°). In forearm grip tests, the voltage amplitude increased as the load increased (0–30&#xa0;kg), and waveform differences were observed during wrist tilting and spinning, demonstrating the feasibility of upper-limb motion discrimination. Moreover, varying palm orientation (palm up/side/down) altered the distribution of cell-wise outputs and relative amplitudes, indicating changes in deformation patterns associated with forearm rotation. Under biceps-mounted conditions, both biceps-curls and hammer-curls exhibited load-dependent changes in output, accompanied by peak splitting, and the cell-wise response patterns varied with grip orientation. These results suggest that the proposed PI/PZT piezoelectric cross-bar array can serve as a wearable kinesthetic sensing platform capable of deformation-based signals that reflect upper-limb load, posture, and motion conditions in wearable environments.</p>

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Flexible piezoelectric cross-bar array sensors for upper-limb kinesthetic sensing via muscle dynamics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Junki Lee,
  • Jihun Choi,
  • Hyunseung Kim,
  • Min Gon Son,
  • Dong Yeol Hyeon,
  • Jung Hwan Park,
  • Andris Šutka,
  • Chang Kyu Jeong

摘要

We developed a 3 × 3 cross-bar piezoelectric array sensor based on a flexible polyimide/lead zirconate titanate (PI/PZT) composite. The sensor exhibited piezoelectric responses under tapping (5–30 N) and bending stimuli (10–90°). In forearm grip tests, the voltage amplitude increased as the load increased (0–30 kg), and waveform differences were observed during wrist tilting and spinning, demonstrating the feasibility of upper-limb motion discrimination. Moreover, varying palm orientation (palm up/side/down) altered the distribution of cell-wise outputs and relative amplitudes, indicating changes in deformation patterns associated with forearm rotation. Under biceps-mounted conditions, both biceps-curls and hammer-curls exhibited load-dependent changes in output, accompanied by peak splitting, and the cell-wise response patterns varied with grip orientation. These results suggest that the proposed PI/PZT piezoelectric cross-bar array can serve as a wearable kinesthetic sensing platform capable of deformation-based signals that reflect upper-limb load, posture, and motion conditions in wearable environments.