Intensified degradation of Procion Golden Yellow H-R using hydrodynamic cavitation: understanding effect of operating conditions and combination with oxidants
摘要
Intensified degradation of Procion Golden Yellow H-R using hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) in combination with various additives has been studied in the present work. Initially, HC alone was studied to understand the effect of parameters, including temperature (controlled and uncontrolled operations), pH (2.5 to 10), and inlet pressure (2 to 5 bar), which resulted in optimal conditions of 4 bar pressure, 2.5 pH, and a regulated temperature. Subsequently, various oxidants such as H₂O₂ (range of 10 to 100 ppm), KPS (range of 50 to 2000 ppm), and NaOCl (range of 50 to 500 ppm), as well as Fenton’s reagent (H2O2:Fe2+ ratio from 1:01 to 1:0.125), were applied for intensification. Use of optimum H₂O₂ loading as 75 ppm resulted in the best degradation of 94% in 120 min, whereas using NaOCl at the optimum loading of 200 ppm resulted in degradation of 90.40%. Using potassium persulfate combined with HC resulted in the best degradation of 92% at 1250 ppm. Finally, using Fenton reagent at an oxidant ratio of 1:0.25, achieved by keeping H₂O₂ loading fixed at 75 ppm, resulted in the maximum degradation of 95.4% in only 30 min. Degradation fitted into the second-order kinetic model well, and the synergistic effect was elucidated for the different processes. The combination of HC with Fenton resulted in the maximum kinetic rate constant of 2.93 × 10−2 L mg−1 min−1 with a synergistic index of 1.325, confirming it as the most effective method for treating Procion Golden Yellow H-R. The toxicity analysis revealed that the samples did not exhibit any antibacterial activity against the test organisms. Overall, the results indicate that hydrodynamic cavitation is a promising and scalable approach for textile wastewater treatment.