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<p>Energy plays a key role in driving economic growth and ensuring a sustainable future. Despite this, approximately 80% of the global energy supply is still derived from fossil fuels, which significantly contributes to global carbon emissions and climate change. In response, hydrogen has emerged as a promising clean energy alternative. This study investigates hydrogen evolution via NaBH<sub>4</sub> hydrolysis using GO and rGO as catalysts. The rGO was synthesized through ultrasonic-assisted reduction employing banana peel extract as a green reducing agent, while GO was used as a benchmark catalyst for comparison. SEM analysis revealed that the rGO produced via ultrasonic-assisted green reduction exhibited comparable structure to that of conventionally reduced rGO. GO exhibited a larger interlayer spacing (2.25&#xa0;μm) compared to rGO (0.5–1.93&#xa0;μm), attributed to the existence of oxygen-bearing groups. In terms of catalytic performance, GO exhibited superior activity compared to rGO in the NaBH<sub>4</sub> hydrolysis reaction, achieving a HGR of 5514.706 mL.g<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, approximately 40 times higher than that of rGO. In contrast, most rGO samples demonstrated limited catalytic efficiency, with HGR values ranging only between 73.314 and 123.762 mL.g<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>. This highlights the superior catalytic performance of GO ascribed to its large surface area and abundant oxygen-bearing groups, which provides numerous active sites for reactants adsorption and facilitates activation. The reusability of GO was confirmed, as it remained catalytically active for up to four consecutive hydrolysis cycles before complete depletion, which can be attributed to the progressive removal of oxygen-containing functional groups by NaBH<sub>4</sub> reduction. These findings suggest GO is a more effective catalyst than rGO in this reaction system, and that banana peel extract serves as a viable, eco-friendly reducing agent for rGO synthesis.</p>

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Hydrogen evolution from NaBH4 hydrolysis using graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide synthesized from banana Peel extract as catalysts

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月6日

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  • Shuen Lam,
  • Lian See Tan,
  • Swee Sen Teo,
  • Lai Huat Lim,
  • Zeinab Abbas Jawad,
  • Swee Pin Yeap

摘要

Energy plays a key role in driving economic growth and ensuring a sustainable future. Despite this, approximately 80% of the global energy supply is still derived from fossil fuels, which significantly contributes to global carbon emissions and climate change. In response, hydrogen has emerged as a promising clean energy alternative. This study investigates hydrogen evolution via NaBH4 hydrolysis using GO and rGO as catalysts. The rGO was synthesized through ultrasonic-assisted reduction employing banana peel extract as a green reducing agent, while GO was used as a benchmark catalyst for comparison. SEM analysis revealed that the rGO produced via ultrasonic-assisted green reduction exhibited comparable structure to that of conventionally reduced rGO. GO exhibited a larger interlayer spacing (2.25 μm) compared to rGO (0.5–1.93 μm), attributed to the existence of oxygen-bearing groups. In terms of catalytic performance, GO exhibited superior activity compared to rGO in the NaBH4 hydrolysis reaction, achieving a HGR of 5514.706 mL.g-1.min-1, approximately 40 times higher than that of rGO. In contrast, most rGO samples demonstrated limited catalytic efficiency, with HGR values ranging only between 73.314 and 123.762 mL.g-1.min-1. This highlights the superior catalytic performance of GO ascribed to its large surface area and abundant oxygen-bearing groups, which provides numerous active sites for reactants adsorption and facilitates activation. The reusability of GO was confirmed, as it remained catalytically active for up to four consecutive hydrolysis cycles before complete depletion, which can be attributed to the progressive removal of oxygen-containing functional groups by NaBH4 reduction. These findings suggest GO is a more effective catalyst than rGO in this reaction system, and that banana peel extract serves as a viable, eco-friendly reducing agent for rGO synthesis.