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<p>As researchers increasingly turn to third-generation biofuels, algae have gained attention as a promising resource. Microalgae, distinguished from larger macroalgae by their microscopic size and unicellular structure, exhibit superior growth rates, higher surface-area-to-volume ratios, and greater carbon fixation efficiency, making them particularly attractive for scalable biodiesel production. However, ongoing challenges in harvesting and dewatering microalgae have driven the search for alternative methods, with attached microalgae cultivation emerging as a practical and cost-effective solution compared to traditional suspended techniques. This review uniquely focuses on the emerging attached microalgae cultivation systems, a promising alternative that offers simplified harvesting and lower energy demands. Special emphasis is placed on the examination of substrate characteristics, such as surface energy, porosity, and hydrophobicity, and employment of advanced techniques like SEM, FTIR, and surface energy analysis, providing an in-depth understanding of biofilm formation mechanisms. This write-up also highlights the novel integration of macroalgae as a natural substratum for dual biofuel production, an area largely underexplored in current literature. This review not only consolidates recent advancements but also identifies critical research gaps, offering a comprehensive roadmap for the large-scale application of attached cultivation systems in sustainable biofuel production.</p>

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Advances in attached growth microalgae cultivation for third-generation biofuel production: opportunities, challenges, and future prospect

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月25日

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  • Lalitaambigei Manoharan,
  • Uganeeswary Suparmaniam,
  • Man Kee Lam,
  • Yee Ho Chai,
  • Adrian Chun Minh Loy,
  • Inn Shi Tan,
  • Henry Chee Yew Foo,
  • Steven Lim

摘要

As researchers increasingly turn to third-generation biofuels, algae have gained attention as a promising resource. Microalgae, distinguished from larger macroalgae by their microscopic size and unicellular structure, exhibit superior growth rates, higher surface-area-to-volume ratios, and greater carbon fixation efficiency, making them particularly attractive for scalable biodiesel production. However, ongoing challenges in harvesting and dewatering microalgae have driven the search for alternative methods, with attached microalgae cultivation emerging as a practical and cost-effective solution compared to traditional suspended techniques. This review uniquely focuses on the emerging attached microalgae cultivation systems, a promising alternative that offers simplified harvesting and lower energy demands. Special emphasis is placed on the examination of substrate characteristics, such as surface energy, porosity, and hydrophobicity, and employment of advanced techniques like SEM, FTIR, and surface energy analysis, providing an in-depth understanding of biofilm formation mechanisms. This write-up also highlights the novel integration of macroalgae as a natural substratum for dual biofuel production, an area largely underexplored in current literature. This review not only consolidates recent advancements but also identifies critical research gaps, offering a comprehensive roadmap for the large-scale application of attached cultivation systems in sustainable biofuel production.