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<p>The rapid growth of wireless communication systems demands compact, high-performance antennas capable of operating across multiple frequency bands without compromising efficiency. In response to this need, this paper presents the design and validation of a compact multiband microstrip antenna incorporating a novel hybrid fractal geometry that synergistically combines Koch snowflake and Minkowski slot structures. Unlike conventional designs, the proposed antenna achieves enhanced multiband behavior within a miniaturized footprint. Fabricated on a cost-effective FR4 substrate (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \varepsilon _r = 4.7 \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, thickness = 0.8&#xa0;mm, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \tan \delta = 0.0197 \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), the antenna resonates at 2.10&#xa0;GHz, 3.42&#xa0;GHz, 7.10&#xa0;GHz, and 9.46&#xa0;GHz, covering key wireless bands. With compact dimensions of <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( 40 \times 42 \times 0.8\,\text {mm}^3 \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and excitation via a 50&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> microstrip feed, the design is optimized for impedance matching and radiation performance. Full-wave simulations and experimental measurements show strong agreement, with the antenna achieving a peak gain of 7.31&#xa0;dBi. These results demonstrate the viability of the proposed structure for integration into next-generation compact wireless communication devices.</p>

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Design and Experimental Validation of a Hybrid Koch–Minkowski Fractal Antenna for Multiband Wireless Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月13日

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  • Abdelbasset Azzouz,
  • Rachid Bouhmidi,
  • Mohammed Chetioui,
  • Redouane Berber,
  • Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi

摘要

The rapid growth of wireless communication systems demands compact, high-performance antennas capable of operating across multiple frequency bands without compromising efficiency. In response to this need, this paper presents the design and validation of a compact multiband microstrip antenna incorporating a novel hybrid fractal geometry that synergistically combines Koch snowflake and Minkowski slot structures. Unlike conventional designs, the proposed antenna achieves enhanced multiband behavior within a miniaturized footprint. Fabricated on a cost-effective FR4 substrate ( \( \varepsilon _r = 4.7 \) , thickness = 0.8 mm, \( \tan \delta = 0.0197 \) ), the antenna resonates at 2.10 GHz, 3.42 GHz, 7.10 GHz, and 9.46 GHz, covering key wireless bands. With compact dimensions of \( 40 \times 42 \times 0.8\,\text {mm}^3 \) , and excitation via a 50  \(\Omega \) microstrip feed, the design is optimized for impedance matching and radiation performance. Full-wave simulations and experimental measurements show strong agreement, with the antenna achieving a peak gain of 7.31 dBi. These results demonstrate the viability of the proposed structure for integration into next-generation compact wireless communication devices.