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<p>Blockchain is a distributed ledger system that ensures secure, transparent, and immutable transaction records through cryptographic authentication, supporting decentralization, accessibility, privacy, and authentication. This survey comprehensively reviews blockchain-based techniques, focusing on privacy preservation (e.g., differential privacy and homomorphic encryption), scalability (e.g., sharding and Layer 2 solutions), and consensus mechanisms (e.g., Proof-of-Work variants and reinforcement learning-based approaches), including innovative architectures and adaptations. These techniques are analyzed across applications like cloud computing, IoT, healthcare, and smart grids to illustrate their utility, but the primary emphasis remains on the methods themselves. By analyzing 50 peer-reviewed articles from 2018 to 2023, we provide a structured taxonomy of blockchain types (public, private, consortium, hybrid) and methods, compare consensus mechanisms and evaluate performance metrics such as latency and throughput. The study highlights challenges in scalability, privacy, and system maintenance, identifying research gaps and proposing seven novel frameworks (Sect.&#xa0;5), including hybrid scalability architectures and privacy-enhancing protocols, to enhance blockchain’s real-world applicability. This work offers a clear roadmap for researchers by focusing on blockchain-based solutions and their extensions for secure and scalable systems.</p>

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A Comprehensive Survey on Blockchain-Based Privacy, Scalability, and Consensus Mechanism Techniques

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • Sheikh Moeen ul Haque,
  • Shabir Ahmad Sofi,
  • Sahil Sholla

摘要

Blockchain is a distributed ledger system that ensures secure, transparent, and immutable transaction records through cryptographic authentication, supporting decentralization, accessibility, privacy, and authentication. This survey comprehensively reviews blockchain-based techniques, focusing on privacy preservation (e.g., differential privacy and homomorphic encryption), scalability (e.g., sharding and Layer 2 solutions), and consensus mechanisms (e.g., Proof-of-Work variants and reinforcement learning-based approaches), including innovative architectures and adaptations. These techniques are analyzed across applications like cloud computing, IoT, healthcare, and smart grids to illustrate their utility, but the primary emphasis remains on the methods themselves. By analyzing 50 peer-reviewed articles from 2018 to 2023, we provide a structured taxonomy of blockchain types (public, private, consortium, hybrid) and methods, compare consensus mechanisms and evaluate performance metrics such as latency and throughput. The study highlights challenges in scalability, privacy, and system maintenance, identifying research gaps and proposing seven novel frameworks (Sect. 5), including hybrid scalability architectures and privacy-enhancing protocols, to enhance blockchain’s real-world applicability. This work offers a clear roadmap for researchers by focusing on blockchain-based solutions and their extensions for secure and scalable systems.