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<p>The digitalization of education, especially in fields such as medicine and biology that emphasize visual and hands-on learning, offers more effective, accessible, and sustainable learning environments by overcoming the limitations of traditional methods. This study comprehensively examines the potential of photogrammetry and augmented reality (AR) technologies in digitizing anatomical models for use as educational materials. Within the scope of the study, four different models representing male upper body anatomy, torso anatomy, female full-body anatomy, and the musculoskeletal system were digitized using close-range photogrammetry and integrated into AR environments through Augment software. During the digitization process, high-accuracy 3D models were created with low-cost equipment, and the usability of these models in education was evaluated in detail. The photogrammetric process demonstrated visual accuracy and metric analysis levels deemed acceptable, with matching rates ranging from 93.8% to 97% and RMS error values between 0.30&#xa0;mm and 0.60&#xa0;mm. However, certain deficiencies were observed in digitizing complex anatomical details and light reflections. The AR integration allowed the digital models to be displayed at real-world scales on mobile devices and tablets, enabling users to interact with the models. Participant feedback rated the models positively in terms of visual accuracy (average score: 8.75), anatomical detail (average score: 8.25), usability (average score: 9.55), and satisfaction (average score: 8.75). Nevertheless, it was highlighted that finer details and model diversity should be improved. This study emphasizes the innovative solutions offered by photogrammetry and AR technologies in preparing educational materials and demonstrates their potential as powerful tools in education.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Augmented Reality and Photogrammetry Based Anatomical Models in Medical Education

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月21日

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  • Abdurahman Yasin Yiğit,
  • Yunus Kaya

摘要

The digitalization of education, especially in fields such as medicine and biology that emphasize visual and hands-on learning, offers more effective, accessible, and sustainable learning environments by overcoming the limitations of traditional methods. This study comprehensively examines the potential of photogrammetry and augmented reality (AR) technologies in digitizing anatomical models for use as educational materials. Within the scope of the study, four different models representing male upper body anatomy, torso anatomy, female full-body anatomy, and the musculoskeletal system were digitized using close-range photogrammetry and integrated into AR environments through Augment software. During the digitization process, high-accuracy 3D models were created with low-cost equipment, and the usability of these models in education was evaluated in detail. The photogrammetric process demonstrated visual accuracy and metric analysis levels deemed acceptable, with matching rates ranging from 93.8% to 97% and RMS error values between 0.30 mm and 0.60 mm. However, certain deficiencies were observed in digitizing complex anatomical details and light reflections. The AR integration allowed the digital models to be displayed at real-world scales on mobile devices and tablets, enabling users to interact with the models. Participant feedback rated the models positively in terms of visual accuracy (average score: 8.75), anatomical detail (average score: 8.25), usability (average score: 9.55), and satisfaction (average score: 8.75). Nevertheless, it was highlighted that finer details and model diversity should be improved. This study emphasizes the innovative solutions offered by photogrammetry and AR technologies in preparing educational materials and demonstrates their potential as powerful tools in education.

Graphical Abstract