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<p>In this work it is demonstrated that electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a promising and reliable method for detecting additives in honey. A prototype device based on ADuCM355 microcontroller and low-cost immersion electrodes is developed and its feasibility for detection of sucrose and maltose in two different commercially sourced brands of honey is reported. It is shown that any change in sugar composition in honey due to the addition of sucrose and maltose has a profound influence on the impedance spectrum of honey. The impedance of honey samples with and without additives can be measured accurately in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 200 kHz, with a precision of 1 <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="42979_2025_3776_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\omega\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ω</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The measured impedance spectra are fitted into equivalent electrical circuit models and the relevant parameters are extracted using the Levenberg-Marquard algorithm. There is a linear correlation between extracted parameters and concentrations of sucrose and maltose in honey. Linear regression model was used to effectively predict concentration of additives. The accuracy of prediction is confirmed from plot of predicted concentration and actual concentration. The system demonstrates the limit of detection of 2.8% w/w. The underlying mechanisms that cause the characteristic EIS in honey is also discussed. The possibility of extending the technique across brands and floral origins of honey is also discussed.</p>

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Analysis of Electrochemical Impedance Spectra for the Sensitive Detection of Sucrose and Maltose Additives in Honey

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月4日

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  • Meruga Udaya,
  • M. Ghanashyam Krishna,
  • Samrat L. Sabat

摘要

In this work it is demonstrated that electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a promising and reliable method for detecting additives in honey. A prototype device based on ADuCM355 microcontroller and low-cost immersion electrodes is developed and its feasibility for detection of sucrose and maltose in two different commercially sourced brands of honey is reported. It is shown that any change in sugar composition in honey due to the addition of sucrose and maltose has a profound influence on the impedance spectrum of honey. The impedance of honey samples with and without additives can be measured accurately in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 200 kHz, with a precision of 1 \(\omega\) ω . The measured impedance spectra are fitted into equivalent electrical circuit models and the relevant parameters are extracted using the Levenberg-Marquard algorithm. There is a linear correlation between extracted parameters and concentrations of sucrose and maltose in honey. Linear regression model was used to effectively predict concentration of additives. The accuracy of prediction is confirmed from plot of predicted concentration and actual concentration. The system demonstrates the limit of detection of 2.8% w/w. The underlying mechanisms that cause the characteristic EIS in honey is also discussed. The possibility of extending the technique across brands and floral origins of honey is also discussed.