New sources of genetic diversity must be incorporated into plant breeding programs if they are to continue increasing their ability in grain yield and quality. The main objective of the present study is to examine the seed storage protein and karyotype profiling in 363 indigenous landraces of barley. To rapidly select the hulled and hulless indigenous karyotype, we developed PCR-based markers and protein profiling in landraces. The origin of hulless genotype remains inconclusive. We applied the newly developed marker to carry out genotypic screening of the nud locus. The results by genotyped with the newly marker were fully coincident with the caryopsis phenotype with 7.26% of hulless and 92.74% covered indigenous genotypes, while the electrophoregrams divide landraces into three regions based on protein profiling banding pattern. The protein electropherograms revealed three regions of banding patterns: region I (10–60 kDa) containing 9 bands, region II (61–120 kDa) containing 12 bands, and region III (121–180 kDa) containing 5 bands. The average Genetic Index for region -I was 17% while that for region II was 27%. Among the bands, B-4 and B-5 had the greatest Genetic Diversity (90.59% and 88.88%, respectively). Band B-3 was monomorphic, and bands B-1 and B-7 almost so, being found in 94.88% of the landraces studied. The region-wise average information revealed that: region 1 and 2 show 0.47 genetic diversity, followed by region 3 shows 0.46 genetic diversity, respectively. Based on the revealing results, 26 bands (markers) in a sheet of Polyacrylamide gel were present in barley genotypes. According to the tree diagram resulting from cluster analysis, these genotypes are in 3 groups. The amount of genetic diversity in genetic locus 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 respectively are equal to 0.49, 0.5, 0.09, 0.49, 0.38, 0.34, 0.34, 0.34, 0.28, 0.38, 0.38, 0.28, 0.5, 0.47, 0.38, 0.47 and 0.38 and its mean equals to 0.37. Our results indicate that the hulless caryopsis is associated with the 17-kb deletion at the nud locus. This deletion removes an ERF transcription factor gene, which is required for hull adhesion. While high diversity was observed in protein profiling at a 25% similarity index, the dendrogram delineated genotypes into eight clusters. It was found that 5.23% of genotypes reported from region 1(Baluchistan Khyber Pukhtunkhwa and Punjab) were genetically linked. In region II 10.46% genotypes reported from Sindh Northern areas, Baluchistan shows genetic association based on protein clustering. While in region III genotypes from all provinces shows genetic lineages of 14.32%. Baluchistan, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Punjab and Northern areas were genetically linked. Thus, our results suggested that the 17-kb deletion of the ERF gene explained the formation of caryopsis, while these genotypes show lineages through total seed storage protein profiling.

Estimation of nud profiling in indigenous lines of barley

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发表日期：

2026年2月13日

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Murad Ali,
Shahbaz Khan,
Waqar Khan,
Danish Ibrar,
Wei Zhang

摘要

New sources of genetic diversity must be incorporated into plant breeding programs if they are to continue increasing their ability in grain yield and quality. The main objective of the present study is to examine the seed storage protein and karyotype profiling in 363 indigenous landraces of barley. To rapidly select the hulled and hulless indigenous karyotype, we developed PCR-based markers and protein profiling in landraces. The origin of hulless genotype remains inconclusive. We applied the newly developed marker to carry out genotypic screening of the nud locus. The results by genotyped with the newly marker were fully coincident with the caryopsis phenotype with 7.26% of hulless and 92.74% covered indigenous genotypes, while the electrophoregrams divide landraces into three regions based on protein profiling banding pattern. The protein electropherograms revealed three regions of banding patterns: region I (10–60 kDa) containing 9 bands, region II (61–120 kDa) containing 12 bands, and region III (121–180 kDa) containing 5 bands. The average Genetic Index for region -I was 17% while that for region II was 27%. Among the bands, B-4 and B-5 had the greatest Genetic Diversity (90.59% and 88.88%, respectively). Band B-3 was monomorphic, and bands B-1 and B-7 almost so, being found in 94.88% of the landraces studied. The region-wise average information revealed that: region 1 and 2 show 0.47 genetic diversity, followed by region 3 shows 0.46 genetic diversity, respectively. Based on the revealing results, 26 bands (markers) in a sheet of Polyacrylamide gel were present in barley genotypes. According to the tree diagram resulting from cluster analysis, these genotypes are in 3 groups. The amount of genetic diversity in genetic locus 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 respectively are equal to 0.49, 0.5, 0.09, 0.49, 0.38, 0.34, 0.34, 0.34, 0.28, 0.38, 0.38, 0.28, 0.5, 0.47, 0.38, 0.47 and 0.38 and its mean equals to 0.37. Our results indicate that the hulless caryopsis is associated with the 17-kb deletion at the nud locus. This deletion removes an ERF transcription factor gene, which is required for hull adhesion. While high diversity was observed in protein profiling at a 25% similarity index, the dendrogram delineated genotypes into eight clusters. It was found that 5.23% of genotypes reported from region 1(Baluchistan Khyber Pukhtunkhwa and Punjab) were genetically linked. In region II 10.46% genotypes reported from Sindh Northern areas, Baluchistan shows genetic association based on protein clustering. While in region III genotypes from all provinces shows genetic lineages of 14.32%. Baluchistan, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Punjab and Northern areas were genetically linked. Thus, our results suggested that the 17-kb deletion of the ERF gene explained the formation of caryopsis, while these genotypes show lineages through total seed storage protein profiling.