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<p>Lead (Pb), one of the most hazardous heavy metals, renders soil unsuitable for agricultural use, disrupts natural ecosystems, reduces biodiversity, and destabilizes food chains. Although Pb ions do not participate in cellular metabolism, they are readily absorbed and accumulate in various plant tissues. In Ukraine, lead contamination of soils has been exacerbated by intensive military activities during the ongoing Ukrainian-Russian war. Natural growth regulators, including phytohormones and acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs)—bacterial signaling molecules, play a vital role in mitigating heavy metal toxicity and promoting plant growth and development under stress conditions. Exogenous application and modulation of endogenous phytohormone levels have emerged as effective strategies for protecting plants from the toxic effects of heavy metals. Recent studies highlight both direct effects of AHLs on plants and indirect effects mediated through rhizosphere microflora. Given their compatibility with sustainable organic farming practices, phytohormones and AHLs are regarded as promising eco-friendly phytostimulants and phytomodulators capable of enhancing the quantity and quality of agricultural products. This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding the roles of phytohormones and AHLs in building stress resistance in cereal crops against lead toxicity. It also explores potential management strategies and approaches to mitigate the adverse effects of this heavy metal on plant health and agricultural productivity.</p>

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Natural growth regulators in enhancing cereal crop resistance to lead contamination

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月5日

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  • Iryna Kosakivska,
  • Lidia Babenko,
  • Lesya Voytenko,
  • Valentyna Vasyuk,
  • Mykola Shcherbatiuk,
  • Kateryna Romanenko

摘要

Lead (Pb), one of the most hazardous heavy metals, renders soil unsuitable for agricultural use, disrupts natural ecosystems, reduces biodiversity, and destabilizes food chains. Although Pb ions do not participate in cellular metabolism, they are readily absorbed and accumulate in various plant tissues. In Ukraine, lead contamination of soils has been exacerbated by intensive military activities during the ongoing Ukrainian-Russian war. Natural growth regulators, including phytohormones and acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs)—bacterial signaling molecules, play a vital role in mitigating heavy metal toxicity and promoting plant growth and development under stress conditions. Exogenous application and modulation of endogenous phytohormone levels have emerged as effective strategies for protecting plants from the toxic effects of heavy metals. Recent studies highlight both direct effects of AHLs on plants and indirect effects mediated through rhizosphere microflora. Given their compatibility with sustainable organic farming practices, phytohormones and AHLs are regarded as promising eco-friendly phytostimulants and phytomodulators capable of enhancing the quantity and quality of agricultural products. This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding the roles of phytohormones and AHLs in building stress resistance in cereal crops against lead toxicity. It also explores potential management strategies and approaches to mitigate the adverse effects of this heavy metal on plant health and agricultural productivity.