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<p>The process of urbanization has a profound impact on the composition, functionality, and dynamics of ecosystems, which includes the alteration of land cover land use (LCLU) from natural landscapes to artificial ones. Our findings indicated a significant reduction in urban green space (UGS), amounting to a decline of 6944.29&#xa0;ha from 2005 to 2023, which translates to an annual decrease of 385.79&#xa0;ha. The assessment of classification accuracy through the use of independent datasets has indicated that the classification results are reliable, with an accuracy rate of over 85%, and a Kappa coefficient exceeding 0.8. The findings of this current study have illustrated the progression of urbanization and the decline of green spaces within Hanoi city over a span of 28&#xa0;years. The analysis highlights considerable landscape fragmentation, evidenced by a 52.81% reduction in the Largest Patch Index (LPI), a 14.19% decline in Disjunct Core Area Density (DCAD), and a 5.17% drop in the Total Edge Contrast Index (TECI). Conversely, the Perimeter-area fractal dimension (PAFRAC), Landscape Shape Index (LSI) and Shannon Diversity Index (SHDI) have experienced increases of 0.46%; 42.73% and 27.56%, respectively, over the 28&#xa0;year period. The dispersed and unequal patterns of LCLU have resulted in significant spatial and temporal fluctuations in landscape fragmentation at a large scale. The variety of landscapes and the intricate of green space structures have experienced a notable increase overall. The findings of the study highlight the importance of landscape metrics in providing crucial information for the management and conservation of ecosystems.</p>

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Application of machine learning model to evaluate how urbanization has affected the green space pattern in Hanoi city between 1995 and 2023

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月11日

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  • Anh Ngoc Thi Do,
  • Tuyet Anh Thi Do,
  • Hau Duc Tran

摘要

The process of urbanization has a profound impact on the composition, functionality, and dynamics of ecosystems, which includes the alteration of land cover land use (LCLU) from natural landscapes to artificial ones. Our findings indicated a significant reduction in urban green space (UGS), amounting to a decline of 6944.29 ha from 2005 to 2023, which translates to an annual decrease of 385.79 ha. The assessment of classification accuracy through the use of independent datasets has indicated that the classification results are reliable, with an accuracy rate of over 85%, and a Kappa coefficient exceeding 0.8. The findings of this current study have illustrated the progression of urbanization and the decline of green spaces within Hanoi city over a span of 28 years. The analysis highlights considerable landscape fragmentation, evidenced by a 52.81% reduction in the Largest Patch Index (LPI), a 14.19% decline in Disjunct Core Area Density (DCAD), and a 5.17% drop in the Total Edge Contrast Index (TECI). Conversely, the Perimeter-area fractal dimension (PAFRAC), Landscape Shape Index (LSI) and Shannon Diversity Index (SHDI) have experienced increases of 0.46%; 42.73% and 27.56%, respectively, over the 28 year period. The dispersed and unequal patterns of LCLU have resulted in significant spatial and temporal fluctuations in landscape fragmentation at a large scale. The variety of landscapes and the intricate of green space structures have experienced a notable increase overall. The findings of the study highlight the importance of landscape metrics in providing crucial information for the management and conservation of ecosystems.