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<p>Acute (14 DOE) and chronic toxicity (56 DOE) studies were carried out to compare the lethal and sub-lethal effects of two organophosphorus pesticides on earthworm (<i>Eisenia fetida</i>). The earthworms were cultured in test soil (agricultural soils and cow dung) spiked with varying dosesof chlorpyrifos and dimethoate to determine avoidance response, biomass change, growth inhibition, mortality, net biomass gain per unit feed, cocoon, and hatchling production. Results showed that the avoidance response in earthworms was 36.66% at 50&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup> dry test soil (TS) of chlorpyrifos, but it was above 90% at the same concentration of dimethoate. The median lethal concentrations (LC<sub>50</sub>) for dimethoate and chlorpyrifos were 17.45 and 228.06&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup> dry TS, respectively. Likewise, dimethoate and chlorpyrifos both displayed positive growth inhibition (GI<sub>t</sub>) at 10 and 50&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup> dry TS, respectively, with dimethoate having a higher impact. Also, Net Biomass Gain per Gram Feed (NBGPGF<sub>T</sub>) at 56 DOE was higher than 28 DOE for doses up to 10&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup> dry TS for dimethoate and 50&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup> dry TS for chlorpyrifos. Rather than reduced growth inhibition in chlorpyrifos, larger doses significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) affected cocoon and hatchling production. Conversely, dimethoate deleteriously affected cocoon and hatchling production even at lower concentrations. The reproductive performance (cocoon production) of <i>E. fetida</i> was significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) affected in concentrations higher than 5&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup> dry TS dimethoate and 25&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup> dry TS chlorpyrifos. Results suggest that dimethoate is more harmful to earthworms than chlorpyrifos, as shown in acute and chronic toxicity trials. In comparison, chlorpyrifos was found to be safer at sub-lethal doses than dimethoate for the growth of <i>E. fetida</i>. Therefore, the prudent use of pesticides is advised to ensure ecosystem health and sustainability. The study will be helpful in assessing the ecotoxicological risk of chlorpyrifos and dimethoate.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Delineating the ecotoxic effects of chlorpyrifos and dimethoate on Eisenia fetida

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月14日

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  • Vaibhav Srivastava,
  • Sinha Sahab,
  • Rajeev Pratap Singh

摘要

Acute (14 DOE) and chronic toxicity (56 DOE) studies were carried out to compare the lethal and sub-lethal effects of two organophosphorus pesticides on earthworm (Eisenia fetida). The earthworms were cultured in test soil (agricultural soils and cow dung) spiked with varying dosesof chlorpyrifos and dimethoate to determine avoidance response, biomass change, growth inhibition, mortality, net biomass gain per unit feed, cocoon, and hatchling production. Results showed that the avoidance response in earthworms was 36.66% at 50 mg kg− 1 dry test soil (TS) of chlorpyrifos, but it was above 90% at the same concentration of dimethoate. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) for dimethoate and chlorpyrifos were 17.45 and 228.06 mg kg− 1 dry TS, respectively. Likewise, dimethoate and chlorpyrifos both displayed positive growth inhibition (GIt) at 10 and 50 mg kg− 1 dry TS, respectively, with dimethoate having a higher impact. Also, Net Biomass Gain per Gram Feed (NBGPGFT) at 56 DOE was higher than 28 DOE for doses up to 10 mg kg− 1 dry TS for dimethoate and 50 mg kg− 1 dry TS for chlorpyrifos. Rather than reduced growth inhibition in chlorpyrifos, larger doses significantly (p < 0.05) affected cocoon and hatchling production. Conversely, dimethoate deleteriously affected cocoon and hatchling production even at lower concentrations. The reproductive performance (cocoon production) of E. fetida was significantly (p < 0.05) affected in concentrations higher than 5 mg kg− 1 dry TS dimethoate and 25 mg kg− 1 dry TS chlorpyrifos. Results suggest that dimethoate is more harmful to earthworms than chlorpyrifos, as shown in acute and chronic toxicity trials. In comparison, chlorpyrifos was found to be safer at sub-lethal doses than dimethoate for the growth of E. fetida. Therefore, the prudent use of pesticides is advised to ensure ecosystem health and sustainability. The study will be helpful in assessing the ecotoxicological risk of chlorpyrifos and dimethoate.

Graphical abstract