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<p>The effect of powder slag concrete produced by the replacement of cement with steel slag powder on the fresh, physical, and mechanical properties of concrete paving blocks was evaluated in this study for optimum replacement levels that could result in improved concrete performance and sustainability. The replacement levels of the steel slag powder varied from 0% to 20% by the weight of the cementitious material. Increasing slag content reduced fresh density (2550 to 2200&#xa0;kg/m³) and extended setting time (180 to 240&#xa0;min), while slump followed a non-linear trend, peaking at 12.5% replacement. Mechanically, addition of slag increased all strength characteristics up to 12.5% substitution. At this point, there was an increase in compressive strength from 13.4&#xa0;MPa to 19.9&#xa0;MPa, flexural strength from 5.3&#xa0;MPa to 8.95&#xa0;MPa, and splitting tensile strength from 4.5&#xa0;MPa to 6.6&#xa0;MPa. For values above 12.5% substitution, there was a decrease in strength, which was mainly attributed to the higher porosity and lower cement content. Petrographic examination of the 12.5% steel slag concrete showed a heterogeneous binder with inclusions of sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks in a matrix rich in quartz and calcite. Steel slag cement was indicated by dark angular inclusions in the cement paste matrix, contributing towards the reduction of micro-voids and the improvement of the interface transition zone. Conclusive evidence supported the use of steel slag powder as a very useful supplementary cementitious material at a mixture ratio of 10–15% in the production of eco-friendly paving blocks.</p>

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Utilization of Steel Slag Powder in the Production of Paving Blocks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Mehdi Torabi-Kaveh,
  • Fatemeh Azimidokht,
  • Mahnaz Khodami

摘要

The effect of powder slag concrete produced by the replacement of cement with steel slag powder on the fresh, physical, and mechanical properties of concrete paving blocks was evaluated in this study for optimum replacement levels that could result in improved concrete performance and sustainability. The replacement levels of the steel slag powder varied from 0% to 20% by the weight of the cementitious material. Increasing slag content reduced fresh density (2550 to 2200 kg/m³) and extended setting time (180 to 240 min), while slump followed a non-linear trend, peaking at 12.5% replacement. Mechanically, addition of slag increased all strength characteristics up to 12.5% substitution. At this point, there was an increase in compressive strength from 13.4 MPa to 19.9 MPa, flexural strength from 5.3 MPa to 8.95 MPa, and splitting tensile strength from 4.5 MPa to 6.6 MPa. For values above 12.5% substitution, there was a decrease in strength, which was mainly attributed to the higher porosity and lower cement content. Petrographic examination of the 12.5% steel slag concrete showed a heterogeneous binder with inclusions of sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks in a matrix rich in quartz and calcite. Steel slag cement was indicated by dark angular inclusions in the cement paste matrix, contributing towards the reduction of micro-voids and the improvement of the interface transition zone. Conclusive evidence supported the use of steel slag powder as a very useful supplementary cementitious material at a mixture ratio of 10–15% in the production of eco-friendly paving blocks.