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<p>One economical method to decrease the amount used of a common filler (calcium carbonate, or CaCO<sub>3</sub>) and reduce harmful gas emissions is making use of sulfur waste as a mineral filler in asphalt mixtures. However, the rutting and linear viscoelastic properties of sulfur waste asphalt cement (SWAC) mixtures still need to be determined. This study presents the Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt (M&amp;KV) models for the prediction of viscoelastic behavior of SWAC mixtures. SWAC mixtures with 40/50 penetration grade asphalt binder were designed with 5% sulfur waste content (by weight of aggregate) as mineral filler and compared with the CaCO<sub>3</sub>-asphalt concrete reference mixture for the study. Marshall cylindrical specimens were subjected to the creep compliance test to assess the rutting potential of the reference mixtures of SWAC and CaCO<sub>3</sub>. For one hour, the test was conducted at high temperatures (40 and 50&#xa0;°C) with a stress level of 0.1&#xa0;MPa. In order to forecast the global viscoelastic behavior of asphalt mixtures, corresponding findings were modelled utilizing the combination of M&amp;KV representation. The results revealed that HMA modified by SW showed superior performance against permanent deformation in terms of initial elastic strain, recoverable strain, and creep stiffness compared to HMA with CaCO<sub>3</sub> and modified by SBS, indicating lower damage under loading. The M&amp;KV model predictions over a shorter period of time were compared with the laboratory results of the mixture creep compliance. The sensitivity analysis for the viscoelastic parameters (E<sub>K</sub> and η<sub>K</sub>) of the Kelvin-Voigt model showed that the creep compliance (D(t)) trends depend on η<sub>K</sub>, while being time-independent at high E<sub>K</sub>. Also, analysis showed there is a high agreement between the creep elastic stiffness and retardation time for both the model and experimental results. The findings showed that the M&amp;KV model could be used to forecast mixture creep stiffness.</p>

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Creep Performance and Interpreting the Outputs Based on Maxwell–Kelvin–Voigt Model for HMA Modified by Sulfur Waste

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • A. I. Al-Hadidy,
  • Taher M. Ahmed,
  • Amani A. Al-Ttayiy

摘要

One economical method to decrease the amount used of a common filler (calcium carbonate, or CaCO3) and reduce harmful gas emissions is making use of sulfur waste as a mineral filler in asphalt mixtures. However, the rutting and linear viscoelastic properties of sulfur waste asphalt cement (SWAC) mixtures still need to be determined. This study presents the Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt (M&KV) models for the prediction of viscoelastic behavior of SWAC mixtures. SWAC mixtures with 40/50 penetration grade asphalt binder were designed with 5% sulfur waste content (by weight of aggregate) as mineral filler and compared with the CaCO3-asphalt concrete reference mixture for the study. Marshall cylindrical specimens were subjected to the creep compliance test to assess the rutting potential of the reference mixtures of SWAC and CaCO3. For one hour, the test was conducted at high temperatures (40 and 50 °C) with a stress level of 0.1 MPa. In order to forecast the global viscoelastic behavior of asphalt mixtures, corresponding findings were modelled utilizing the combination of M&KV representation. The results revealed that HMA modified by SW showed superior performance against permanent deformation in terms of initial elastic strain, recoverable strain, and creep stiffness compared to HMA with CaCO3 and modified by SBS, indicating lower damage under loading. The M&KV model predictions over a shorter period of time were compared with the laboratory results of the mixture creep compliance. The sensitivity analysis for the viscoelastic parameters (EK and ηK) of the Kelvin-Voigt model showed that the creep compliance (D(t)) trends depend on ηK, while being time-independent at high EK. Also, analysis showed there is a high agreement between the creep elastic stiffness and retardation time for both the model and experimental results. The findings showed that the M&KV model could be used to forecast mixture creep stiffness.