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<p>Application of Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt (CRMA) promises several advantages, such as decreased rutting propensity and increased resistance against fatigue cracking; however, specific concerns (such as low solubility, high viscosity, and poor storage stability) delimit its wide usage. To tackle these limitations of CRMA, a hybrid approach was adopted in this study by introducing Waste Engine Oil (WEO) in CRMA to strike an equilibrium between stiffness and fluidity. A laboratory-based investigation was conducted to ascertain the resilient modulus, tensile strength ratio, and permanent deformation of modified asphalt mixtures. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA and Tukey’s test, were performed to assess the significance of the hybrid modifier on mixture performance. In addition, Gene Expression Programming (GEP) was applied to develop a predictive model for the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) of the hybrid-modified mixtures. It was also found that the resilient modulus and rutting resistance were boosted by 44% and 54%, respectively, compared to control mixtures, whereas the moisture resistance was enhanced by 7%, on average. However, higher dosages of the hybrid modifier led to decreased resilient modulus, rutting resistance, and moisture resistance. The results of ANOVA and Tukey’s analysis revealed that, at the confidence level of 95%, the modifier has a significant influence on the performance indicators of modified asphalt mixtures. The GEP model demonstrated strong predictive capability, with a testing R² value of 0.96, indicating reliable ITS estimation accuracy. Overall, the CR–WEO hybrid system offers a balanced modification approach, and the GEP model provides a practical tool to support mixture design and performance prediction.</p>

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Experimental Characterization and GEP-Based Prediction of Crumb Rubber–Waste Engine Oil Modified Asphalt Mixtures

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Waqar Anwar,
  • Muhammad Irfan,
  • Sarfraz Ahmed,
  • Muhammad Asif Khan

摘要

Application of Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt (CRMA) promises several advantages, such as decreased rutting propensity and increased resistance against fatigue cracking; however, specific concerns (such as low solubility, high viscosity, and poor storage stability) delimit its wide usage. To tackle these limitations of CRMA, a hybrid approach was adopted in this study by introducing Waste Engine Oil (WEO) in CRMA to strike an equilibrium between stiffness and fluidity. A laboratory-based investigation was conducted to ascertain the resilient modulus, tensile strength ratio, and permanent deformation of modified asphalt mixtures. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA and Tukey’s test, were performed to assess the significance of the hybrid modifier on mixture performance. In addition, Gene Expression Programming (GEP) was applied to develop a predictive model for the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) of the hybrid-modified mixtures. It was also found that the resilient modulus and rutting resistance were boosted by 44% and 54%, respectively, compared to control mixtures, whereas the moisture resistance was enhanced by 7%, on average. However, higher dosages of the hybrid modifier led to decreased resilient modulus, rutting resistance, and moisture resistance. The results of ANOVA and Tukey’s analysis revealed that, at the confidence level of 95%, the modifier has a significant influence on the performance indicators of modified asphalt mixtures. The GEP model demonstrated strong predictive capability, with a testing R² value of 0.96, indicating reliable ITS estimation accuracy. Overall, the CR–WEO hybrid system offers a balanced modification approach, and the GEP model provides a practical tool to support mixture design and performance prediction.