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<p>This review critically evaluates the durability of geopolymer composites (GPCs) exposed to high temperatures, acidic environments, sulfate attack, and chloride ingress through a systematic synthesis of experimental studies and bibliometric analysis. The results indicate that durability is mainly governed by matrix chemistry particularly calcium content, pore structure, and fiber matrix interactions rather than by fiber addition alone. Low-calcium metakaolin- and fly ash-based geopolymers generally show superior thermal, acid, and sulfate resistance compared with Ca-rich slag-containing systems, albeit often with reduced early-age strength. Fiber reinforcement primarily enhances durability through crack control and bridging mechanisms, with inorganic fibers exhibiting greater stability at elevated temperatures. However, excessive fiber contents may increase porosity and accelerate degradation. The review highlights the need for standardized durability testing and exposure-specific mix design strategies to enable reliable service-life prediction and wider application of geopolymer composites.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Multi-Environmental Durability of Geopolymer Composites: Mechanisms of Degradation and Performance Enhancement

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月8日

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  • Younesse Haddaji,
  • Hicham Majdoubi,
  • Bassam Tayeh,
  • Nacer Akkouri,
  • Naser Alimrani,
  • Khaoula Qamouche

摘要

This review critically evaluates the durability of geopolymer composites (GPCs) exposed to high temperatures, acidic environments, sulfate attack, and chloride ingress through a systematic synthesis of experimental studies and bibliometric analysis. The results indicate that durability is mainly governed by matrix chemistry particularly calcium content, pore structure, and fiber matrix interactions rather than by fiber addition alone. Low-calcium metakaolin- and fly ash-based geopolymers generally show superior thermal, acid, and sulfate resistance compared with Ca-rich slag-containing systems, albeit often with reduced early-age strength. Fiber reinforcement primarily enhances durability through crack control and bridging mechanisms, with inorganic fibers exhibiting greater stability at elevated temperatures. However, excessive fiber contents may increase porosity and accelerate degradation. The review highlights the need for standardized durability testing and exposure-specific mix design strategies to enable reliable service-life prediction and wider application of geopolymer composites.

Graphical abstract