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<p>This study investigates an alternative and sustainable stabilization strategy for high-plasticity clay soils (CH), which typically exhibit low bearing capacity and insufficient stiffness for subgrade applications. Conventional solutions often rely on hauling high-quality borrow soils or on the use of cement and limepractices that increase project costs, generate significant CO₂ emissions, and fail to address the growing problem of industrial waste disposal. To overcome these limitations, this research evaluates the synergistic effect of copper slag (CS) and recycled glass powder (RG), two industrial byproducts abundantly available in Peru, on the compaction behavior and strength performance of CH soils. The experimental program first identified the optimum CS content by evaluating additions of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% by dry weight of soil. A dosage of 20% CS produced the best response, increasing the maximum dry density (MDD) by 9.7%, reducing the optimum moisture content (OMC) by 22%, and raising the soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) by 278.7% relative to the natural soil. Based on this optimum dosage, CS was combined with RG at different proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% to assess additional synergistic improvement. Among all mixtures, the 20%CS:15%RG combination yielded the most significant results, increasing MDD by 9.4%, soaked CBR by 318%, and 28-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS) by 46.4% compared to untreated soil. The main findings confirm that the combined action of CS and RG transforms a problematic CH soil into a denser, stronger, and more durable material, suitable for subgrades in low- and medium-traffic roads. According to the Peruvian MTC-14 standard, the stabilized soil upgraded its subgrade classification from poor (CBR ≥ 3% to CBR &lt; 6%) to good (CBR ≥ 10% to CBR &lt; 20%). This physicochemical stabilization not only enhances mechanical performance but also provides a technically sound pathway for valorizing industrial wastes, contributing to sustainable geotechnical practices.</p>

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Study on the Compaction and Strength Characteristics of High-Plasticity Clay Soil Using the Combined Application of Copper Slag and Recycled Glass Powder as Stabilizing Agents

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月1日

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  • Maria Manuela Quiroz Mendoza,
  • Fernando Salazar Cabanillas,
  • Nestor Raul Salinas Vasquez,
  • Juan Martín García Chumacero

摘要

This study investigates an alternative and sustainable stabilization strategy for high-plasticity clay soils (CH), which typically exhibit low bearing capacity and insufficient stiffness for subgrade applications. Conventional solutions often rely on hauling high-quality borrow soils or on the use of cement and limepractices that increase project costs, generate significant CO₂ emissions, and fail to address the growing problem of industrial waste disposal. To overcome these limitations, this research evaluates the synergistic effect of copper slag (CS) and recycled glass powder (RG), two industrial byproducts abundantly available in Peru, on the compaction behavior and strength performance of CH soils. The experimental program first identified the optimum CS content by evaluating additions of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% by dry weight of soil. A dosage of 20% CS produced the best response, increasing the maximum dry density (MDD) by 9.7%, reducing the optimum moisture content (OMC) by 22%, and raising the soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) by 278.7% relative to the natural soil. Based on this optimum dosage, CS was combined with RG at different proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% to assess additional synergistic improvement. Among all mixtures, the 20%CS:15%RG combination yielded the most significant results, increasing MDD by 9.4%, soaked CBR by 318%, and 28-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS) by 46.4% compared to untreated soil. The main findings confirm that the combined action of CS and RG transforms a problematic CH soil into a denser, stronger, and more durable material, suitable for subgrades in low- and medium-traffic roads. According to the Peruvian MTC-14 standard, the stabilized soil upgraded its subgrade classification from poor (CBR ≥ 3% to CBR < 6%) to good (CBR ≥ 10% to CBR < 20%). This physicochemical stabilization not only enhances mechanical performance but also provides a technically sound pathway for valorizing industrial wastes, contributing to sustainable geotechnical practices.