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<p>This study examines the spatiotemporal variability of Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and Sulfate (SO₄) over India (2019–2022) using the TROPOMI (Sentinel-5P) satellite for SO₂ and Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis for SO₄. The study finds both SO₂ and SO₄ exhibit maxima in Winter and Pre-monsoon and distinct minima during the Southwest Monsoon and regains in Post-monsoon. This Monsoon (June–August). decline is due to heavy rains and high humidity in June–August cause strong wet scavenging of SO₂ and SO₄. Spatially, SO₂ is highest over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and Central-Eastern India which is known for its dense clusters of coal-fired power plants, refineries, steel mills and cement factories. These regions also show elevated SO₄, consistent with abundant SO₂ precursors and the humid conditions that favour SO₂→SO₄ conversion. Year-to-year variations reported in the study shows that meteorology and human activity like anomalous rainfall patterns, shifts in coal and steel output, and the COVID lockdown have influenced sulfur levels. Wind analyses show that the southwest monsoon circulation carries SO₂ east-to-north across the subcontinent, linking source regions to downwind areas. These findings provide an improved understanding of sulfur pollution dynamics and offer essential context for emission control strategies and regional climate assessments. Importantly, limited prior work have seldom used MERRA-2 SO<sub>4</sub> over India; the current work fills this gap by contextualizing MERRA-2 SO₄ fields with surface hotspots and precipitation patterns.</p>

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Seasonal dynamics of Sulfur dioxide and Sulfate aerosols over India: Insights from Sentinel-5P and MERRA-2 datasets

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月13日

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  • Priya J S,
  • Krishnakumar V,
  • Sabna Rahim

摘要

This study examines the spatiotemporal variability of Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and Sulfate (SO₄) over India (2019–2022) using the TROPOMI (Sentinel-5P) satellite for SO₂ and Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis for SO₄. The study finds both SO₂ and SO₄ exhibit maxima in Winter and Pre-monsoon and distinct minima during the Southwest Monsoon and regains in Post-monsoon. This Monsoon (June–August). decline is due to heavy rains and high humidity in June–August cause strong wet scavenging of SO₂ and SO₄. Spatially, SO₂ is highest over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and Central-Eastern India which is known for its dense clusters of coal-fired power plants, refineries, steel mills and cement factories. These regions also show elevated SO₄, consistent with abundant SO₂ precursors and the humid conditions that favour SO₂→SO₄ conversion. Year-to-year variations reported in the study shows that meteorology and human activity like anomalous rainfall patterns, shifts in coal and steel output, and the COVID lockdown have influenced sulfur levels. Wind analyses show that the southwest monsoon circulation carries SO₂ east-to-north across the subcontinent, linking source regions to downwind areas. These findings provide an improved understanding of sulfur pollution dynamics and offer essential context for emission control strategies and regional climate assessments. Importantly, limited prior work have seldom used MERRA-2 SO4 over India; the current work fills this gap by contextualizing MERRA-2 SO₄ fields with surface hotspots and precipitation patterns.