Purpose <p>Measuring strategies subjected to three-point hitch (TPH) forces and moments of supervised and robotized tractor–implement (manned and unmanned systems) are systematically reviewed in this paper. The review paper not only covers historical perspective research, but also sheds light into prospective research directions.</p> Methods <p>In case of the perspective researches, 644 documents officially published over the past seventy years (1955–2025) have been completely analyzed.</p> Results <p>Obtained results demonstrate that four types of the TPH dynamometer (mountable electrical, portable electrical, mountable load cell, and portable load cell dynamometer) have been frequently developed by researchers. The dynamometers comprised different transducers (load cell and strain gauge) and fixtures (three-point linkage, supporting frame, extended octagonal ring, and connecting element). Meanwhile, it has been inferred that the portable load cell dynamometer was highly developed and employed by the researchers than other types of the dynamometer. In case of the prospective researches, the development of novel smart dynamometers must be considered. Microwave interferometric radar, three-dimensional laser scanning, radiated acoustic, self-inductance eddy current, vision system, fiber Bragg grating, and vibration method should be prescribed for the development of contact or noncontact transducers of the smart dynamometers. In this regard, the employment of Internet of Things technology through fifth or sixth generation of cellular communication is an acceptable candidate for the enhancement of data transferring between the transducer and data acquisition unit of the dynamometer. </p> Conclusion <p>Overall, the measuring strategy of the dynamometer should be adapted to IEEE 1451 and ISO 11783 standards.</p>

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Measuring Strategies Subjected to Three-Point hitch Forces and Moments of Supervised and Robotized Tractor-Implement Systems: Retrospective Review and Analysis of Issues, and Prospective Research Directions

  • S. M. Shafaei,
  • H. Mousazadeh

摘要

Purpose

Measuring strategies subjected to three-point hitch (TPH) forces and moments of supervised and robotized tractor–implement (manned and unmanned systems) are systematically reviewed in this paper. The review paper not only covers historical perspective research, but also sheds light into prospective research directions.

Methods

In case of the perspective researches, 644 documents officially published over the past seventy years (1955–2025) have been completely analyzed.

Results

Obtained results demonstrate that four types of the TPH dynamometer (mountable electrical, portable electrical, mountable load cell, and portable load cell dynamometer) have been frequently developed by researchers. The dynamometers comprised different transducers (load cell and strain gauge) and fixtures (three-point linkage, supporting frame, extended octagonal ring, and connecting element). Meanwhile, it has been inferred that the portable load cell dynamometer was highly developed and employed by the researchers than other types of the dynamometer. In case of the prospective researches, the development of novel smart dynamometers must be considered. Microwave interferometric radar, three-dimensional laser scanning, radiated acoustic, self-inductance eddy current, vision system, fiber Bragg grating, and vibration method should be prescribed for the development of contact or noncontact transducers of the smart dynamometers. In this regard, the employment of Internet of Things technology through fifth or sixth generation of cellular communication is an acceptable candidate for the enhancement of data transferring between the transducer and data acquisition unit of the dynamometer.

Conclusion

Overall, the measuring strategy of the dynamometer should be adapted to IEEE 1451 and ISO 11783 standards.