Purpose <p>This study aimed to compare the cultivation patterns and agricultural machinery usage for sweet potato farming in the USA and South Korea. The objective of this study was to propose strategies for improving mechanization rates and productivity in Korean agriculture by addressing labor shortages and the challenges posed by an aging farming population.</p> Methods <p>A comparative analysis was conducted using literature reviews and statistical data supplemented with field cases and practical data to examine cultivation practices and mechanization levels.</p> Results <p>The USA demonstrated high mechanization rates supported by large-scale farming and precision agricultural technologies. In contrast, South Korea’s small-scale farming structure and reliance on manual labor have resulted in productivity challenges and labor shortages exacerbated by an aging workforce.</p> Conclusions <p>To enhance the competitiveness of Korean sweet potato farming, the development and adoption of miniaturized and multifunctional machinery is essential. Incorporating precision agriculture technologies and strengthening government support policies are expected to improve efficiency and productivity.</p>