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<p>Adolescent stress is an increasingly recognized mental health challenge, often rooted in early adverse experiences. This study examines the longitudinal relationships among emotional abuse (EA), hikikomori behaviors (HB; defined as prolonged and extreme social withdrawal), and perceived stress, aiming to clarify how EA contributes to stress outcomes through patterns of HB. A sample of 1,894 Italian adolescents (M = 15.46, SD = 1.10) were enrolled in a three-wave longitudinal study, with assessments conducted at baseline (T1), six months (T2), and twelve months (T3). EA was measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire–Short Form, HB using the Hikikomori Questionnaire, and stress symptoms using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21. Structural equation modeling was employed to investigate reciprocal and mediating pathways among variables across time points. EA at T1 and at T2 predicted HB and stress at T2 and at T3. HB at T1 and at T2 predicted stress at T2 and T3 but didn’t predict EA. Stress symptoms did not predict subsequent HB or EA. Mediation analyses revealed significant indirect effects: EA at T1 influenced stress at T3 via EA at T2, HB at T2, and stress at T2. Additionally, HB at T1 predicted T3 stress through HB at T2 and stress at T2. These findings suggest that adolescents exposed to EA are at greater risk of developing stress-related difficulties, with HB functioning as a key behavioral pathway. Targeted interventions aimed at reducing emotionally abusive experiences and preventing social withdrawal may play a critical role in promoting adolescent well-being and reducing long-term stress vulnerability.</p>

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Emotional Abuse and Stress Across Adolescence: Longitudinal Evidence for a Mediated Pathway Through Hikikomori Behaviors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月18日

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  • Danilo Calaresi,
  • Valeria Verrastro,
  • Marta Sechi,
  • Valeria Saladino

摘要

Adolescent stress is an increasingly recognized mental health challenge, often rooted in early adverse experiences. This study examines the longitudinal relationships among emotional abuse (EA), hikikomori behaviors (HB; defined as prolonged and extreme social withdrawal), and perceived stress, aiming to clarify how EA contributes to stress outcomes through patterns of HB. A sample of 1,894 Italian adolescents (M = 15.46, SD = 1.10) were enrolled in a three-wave longitudinal study, with assessments conducted at baseline (T1), six months (T2), and twelve months (T3). EA was measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire–Short Form, HB using the Hikikomori Questionnaire, and stress symptoms using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21. Structural equation modeling was employed to investigate reciprocal and mediating pathways among variables across time points. EA at T1 and at T2 predicted HB and stress at T2 and at T3. HB at T1 and at T2 predicted stress at T2 and T3 but didn’t predict EA. Stress symptoms did not predict subsequent HB or EA. Mediation analyses revealed significant indirect effects: EA at T1 influenced stress at T3 via EA at T2, HB at T2, and stress at T2. Additionally, HB at T1 predicted T3 stress through HB at T2 and stress at T2. These findings suggest that adolescents exposed to EA are at greater risk of developing stress-related difficulties, with HB functioning as a key behavioral pathway. Targeted interventions aimed at reducing emotionally abusive experiences and preventing social withdrawal may play a critical role in promoting adolescent well-being and reducing long-term stress vulnerability.