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<p>Rural communities often struggle due to a lack of funding, resources, and support, which can put residents at risk for adverse experiences from childhood to adulthood. Merely living within a rural area is considered an influential contributing risk factor for experiencing social isolation and loneliness. Experiences of social isolation and loneliness can have damaging effects on mental and physical health. However, little is known about neural responses to social isolation seen in rural residents. Thus, this study aimed to examine how these communities respond to experiences of social rejection and how different experiences and behavioral traits contribute to this response. Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to assess differences in neural activity in response to rejection; while undergoing EEG, healthy adults (<i>n</i> = 42) across rural Oklahoma participated in a social exclusion simulation called Cyberball, designed to elicit acute feelings of social rejection. EEG outcomes were derived from band-limited power (delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma) in the frontal, temporal, and posterior regions and frontal alpha asymmetry from the rest periods following Cyberball (<i>n</i> = 24). A detailed survey was distributed that encompasses many facets of social experience within a rural community that may influence their response to social isolation. Childhood trauma was associated with stronger self-reported exclusion and altered post-task EEG power. Social support may contribute to an individual’s resilience against the effects of trauma by allowing participants to effectively evaluate and adapt to difficult experiences. Social support, resilience, and childhood trauma significantly impact rural residents in their response to difficult situations. Hypothesized ACE-related modulation of FAA and increase of theta power were not supported, however exploratory evidence implicated relationships between social support and response to rejection, and ACE-related gamma-band differences Previous literature examining the dynamics of rural communities is extremely sparse and this present study, utilizing multiple modalities, provides a comprehensive and novel perspective on their experiences.</p>

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Neural Responses to Social Rejection in Rural Communities: a Cross-Sectional EEG Study of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Protective Factors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月24日

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  • Brenna Arledge,
  • Sarah Beth Bell,
  • Constance Chapple,
  • Erin Maher,
  • Jordan E. Norris,
  • Emma Auger,
  • Lauren E. Ethridge

摘要

Rural communities often struggle due to a lack of funding, resources, and support, which can put residents at risk for adverse experiences from childhood to adulthood. Merely living within a rural area is considered an influential contributing risk factor for experiencing social isolation and loneliness. Experiences of social isolation and loneliness can have damaging effects on mental and physical health. However, little is known about neural responses to social isolation seen in rural residents. Thus, this study aimed to examine how these communities respond to experiences of social rejection and how different experiences and behavioral traits contribute to this response. Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to assess differences in neural activity in response to rejection; while undergoing EEG, healthy adults (n = 42) across rural Oklahoma participated in a social exclusion simulation called Cyberball, designed to elicit acute feelings of social rejection. EEG outcomes were derived from band-limited power (delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma) in the frontal, temporal, and posterior regions and frontal alpha asymmetry from the rest periods following Cyberball (n = 24). A detailed survey was distributed that encompasses many facets of social experience within a rural community that may influence their response to social isolation. Childhood trauma was associated with stronger self-reported exclusion and altered post-task EEG power. Social support may contribute to an individual’s resilience against the effects of trauma by allowing participants to effectively evaluate and adapt to difficult experiences. Social support, resilience, and childhood trauma significantly impact rural residents in their response to difficult situations. Hypothesized ACE-related modulation of FAA and increase of theta power were not supported, however exploratory evidence implicated relationships between social support and response to rejection, and ACE-related gamma-band differences Previous literature examining the dynamics of rural communities is extremely sparse and this present study, utilizing multiple modalities, provides a comprehensive and novel perspective on their experiences.