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<p>Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked to an increased risk of internalizing problems; however, resilience factors (RFs) may mitigate these effects. Prior research has often examined RFs in isolation, limiting insight into their interactive effects. The present study proposed a theory-informed moderated mediation model in which experiential avoidance (EA) and repetitive negative thinking (RNT) sequentially mediate the association between ACEs and internalizing problems, conditional on levels of distress tolerance (DT) and social support (SS).&#xa0;The study included 832 Iranian late adolescents (aged 18–21) who reported at least one ACE. Participants completed self-report measures between November 2023 and April 2024. Conditional process analysis was conducted to examine whether the indirect effect of ACEs on internalizing problems, mediated by EA and RNT, was moderated by low, mean, and high levels of DT and SS.&#xa0;ACEs were positively associated with internalizing problems, both directly and indirectly via EA and RNT. These indirect effects varied by levels of DT and SS, with the strongest effects observed under low DT/low SS and the weakest under high DT/high SS. Pairwise contrasts confirmed significant differences across moderator configurations.&#xa0;The findings underscore the importance of considering both individual and social RFs in models of psychological adjustment to early adversity. Longitudinal research is needed to examine these conditional pathways over time.</p>

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Unraveling the Complex Pathways: A Conditional Process Analysis of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Internalizing Problems in Late Adolescence

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月4日

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  • Nooshin Majlesi,
  • Shahram Mohammadkhani,
  • Jafar Hasani,
  • Maryam Moghadasin

摘要

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked to an increased risk of internalizing problems; however, resilience factors (RFs) may mitigate these effects. Prior research has often examined RFs in isolation, limiting insight into their interactive effects. The present study proposed a theory-informed moderated mediation model in which experiential avoidance (EA) and repetitive negative thinking (RNT) sequentially mediate the association between ACEs and internalizing problems, conditional on levels of distress tolerance (DT) and social support (SS). The study included 832 Iranian late adolescents (aged 18–21) who reported at least one ACE. Participants completed self-report measures between November 2023 and April 2024. Conditional process analysis was conducted to examine whether the indirect effect of ACEs on internalizing problems, mediated by EA and RNT, was moderated by low, mean, and high levels of DT and SS. ACEs were positively associated with internalizing problems, both directly and indirectly via EA and RNT. These indirect effects varied by levels of DT and SS, with the strongest effects observed under low DT/low SS and the weakest under high DT/high SS. Pairwise contrasts confirmed significant differences across moderator configurations. The findings underscore the importance of considering both individual and social RFs in models of psychological adjustment to early adversity. Longitudinal research is needed to examine these conditional pathways over time.