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<p>The transition of wastewater treatment toward circular economy models has gained significant momentum, driven by the need for resource recovery, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability. However, evidences from recent literatures indicates that circularity-oriented process intensifications to achieve nutrient recovery, energy valorisation, cleaner treated water and sludge reuse introduce operational and occupational safety risks, which remain insufficiently addressed in existing regulatory and assessment frameworks. This study presents a structured narrative review of peer-reviewed literature and institutional reports published between approximately 2010 and 2024, drawing primarily from Scopus- and Web of Science–indexed journals, supplemented by international agency and regulatory documents. In total, around 150 records were screened, with approximately 70 sources informing the final synthesis. Based on this review, the paper delivers three concrete outputs: (i) a typology of circular wastewater treatment pathways and their associated safety risk profiles, explicitly distinguishing occupational health and safety (OSH), process safety, and public and environmental health dimensions; (ii) an integrated conceptual framework that embeds OSH and process safety considerations within circular process design and operation; and (iii) a preliminary indicator set for jointly monitoring circularity performance and worker safety outcomes. Rather than treating safety as a constraint, the framework positions safety management. particularly OSH and process safety, as an enabling condition for stable, efficient, and resilient resource recovery systems. The analysis shows that while existing sustainability and circular economy frameworks acknowledge environmental performance, their treatment of safety integration remains fragmented, particularly in relation to process intensification and informal or transitional operational contexts. Embedding safety considerations into circularity planning is therefore essential for achieving wastewater treatment systems that are not only resource-efficient but also socially sustainable and aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Embedding Safety Management Systems into Circular Economy Processes for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月20日

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  • Satchidananda Mishra,
  • Abhijeet Das

摘要

The transition of wastewater treatment toward circular economy models has gained significant momentum, driven by the need for resource recovery, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability. However, evidences from recent literatures indicates that circularity-oriented process intensifications to achieve nutrient recovery, energy valorisation, cleaner treated water and sludge reuse introduce operational and occupational safety risks, which remain insufficiently addressed in existing regulatory and assessment frameworks. This study presents a structured narrative review of peer-reviewed literature and institutional reports published between approximately 2010 and 2024, drawing primarily from Scopus- and Web of Science–indexed journals, supplemented by international agency and regulatory documents. In total, around 150 records were screened, with approximately 70 sources informing the final synthesis. Based on this review, the paper delivers three concrete outputs: (i) a typology of circular wastewater treatment pathways and their associated safety risk profiles, explicitly distinguishing occupational health and safety (OSH), process safety, and public and environmental health dimensions; (ii) an integrated conceptual framework that embeds OSH and process safety considerations within circular process design and operation; and (iii) a preliminary indicator set for jointly monitoring circularity performance and worker safety outcomes. Rather than treating safety as a constraint, the framework positions safety management. particularly OSH and process safety, as an enabling condition for stable, efficient, and resilient resource recovery systems. The analysis shows that while existing sustainability and circular economy frameworks acknowledge environmental performance, their treatment of safety integration remains fragmented, particularly in relation to process intensification and informal or transitional operational contexts. Embedding safety considerations into circularity planning is therefore essential for achieving wastewater treatment systems that are not only resource-efficient but also socially sustainable and aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals.

Graphical Abstract