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<p>Biomass-derived porous carbons are increasingly examined as practical electrode materials for supercapacitors because they combine low cost with adaptable structural features. In this study, black-eyed pea peels, a widely available agricultural residue, is used as the precursor and activated with either K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> or KMnO<sub>4</sub>, which resulted in noticeable differences in pore development and electrochemical behaviour. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the derived carbons retain good thermal stability. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman measurements indicated a largely disordered carbon framework with only limited graphitic domains, offering numerous defect sites that support ion adsorption. Scanning electron microscopy revealed thin carbon walls and an ultra-microporous network with a considerable proportion of mesopores, which was further supported by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The material obtained using K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> delivered a capacitance of around 236&#xa0;F g<sup>− 1</sup>, sustained almost 99% of its performance during long cycling, and responded better at high current. The KMnO<sub>4</sub> activated sample exhibited additional pseudocapacitive contributions but lower stability. Overall, these results underline the role of activation chemistry in governing pore architecture and surface functionality and show that agricultural residues can be transformed into viable electrode materials for high-power energy-storage applications.</p>

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Thin-walled porous carbon from black-eyed pea peels: a green route toward high-power supercapacitors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月20日

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  • Reddi Mohan Naidu Kalla,
  • Rajesh Cheruku,
  • Sivarama Krishna Lakkaboyana,
  • Sreedhar Doraswamy,
  • Jaewoong Lee

摘要

Biomass-derived porous carbons are increasingly examined as practical electrode materials for supercapacitors because they combine low cost with adaptable structural features. In this study, black-eyed pea peels, a widely available agricultural residue, is used as the precursor and activated with either K2CO3 or KMnO4, which resulted in noticeable differences in pore development and electrochemical behaviour. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the derived carbons retain good thermal stability. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman measurements indicated a largely disordered carbon framework with only limited graphitic domains, offering numerous defect sites that support ion adsorption. Scanning electron microscopy revealed thin carbon walls and an ultra-microporous network with a considerable proportion of mesopores, which was further supported by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The material obtained using K2CO3 delivered a capacitance of around 236 F g− 1, sustained almost 99% of its performance during long cycling, and responded better at high current. The KMnO4 activated sample exhibited additional pseudocapacitive contributions but lower stability. Overall, these results underline the role of activation chemistry in governing pore architecture and surface functionality and show that agricultural residues can be transformed into viable electrode materials for high-power energy-storage applications.