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<p>In this study, we upcycled waste polyethylene (PE) foam into a hard carbon anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) via sulfonation and subsequent carbonization. Following an optimized sulfonation process (100&#xa0;°C, 24&#xa0;h), the sample carbonized at 800℃ (PE_C800) demonstrated the best performance, showing a high reversible capacity of 180 mAh·g<sup>− 1</sup> at 0.1&#xa0;C, excellent rate capability, and long-term cycling stability (93.3% retention after 100 cycles). Structural analysis revealed this sample possessed a hierarchical porous structure and an interlayer spacing (0.388&#xa0;nm), suitable for Na<sup>+</sup> insertion. Through cyclic voltammetry (CV) kinetic analysis and ex-situ Raman spectroscopy, the sodium storage was determined to follow an “adsorption-insertion model”, combining surface adsorption and interlayer insertion. This work presents a practical route for converting plastic waste into high performance energy storage materials.</p>

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Transforming polyethylene foam into a hard carbon anode: a study on its structure and sodium storage behavior

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Seungjae Moon,
  • Kitak Kim,
  • Suah Park,
  • Yongjun Yang,
  • Seung Gun Kim,
  • Heewon Jin,
  • Sang Eun Kim,
  • Seunghoon Nam,
  • Dalsu Choi

摘要

In this study, we upcycled waste polyethylene (PE) foam into a hard carbon anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) via sulfonation and subsequent carbonization. Following an optimized sulfonation process (100 °C, 24 h), the sample carbonized at 800℃ (PE_C800) demonstrated the best performance, showing a high reversible capacity of 180 mAh·g− 1 at 0.1 C, excellent rate capability, and long-term cycling stability (93.3% retention after 100 cycles). Structural analysis revealed this sample possessed a hierarchical porous structure and an interlayer spacing (0.388 nm), suitable for Na+ insertion. Through cyclic voltammetry (CV) kinetic analysis and ex-situ Raman spectroscopy, the sodium storage was determined to follow an “adsorption-insertion model”, combining surface adsorption and interlayer insertion. This work presents a practical route for converting plastic waste into high performance energy storage materials.