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<p>This paper reviews MAX phases (bulk) and their 2D derivative, MXenes, focusing on synthesis methods, properties, and applications. Traditional and advanced synthesis techniques, including solid-state synthesis and spark plasma sintering, are examined, emphasizing structural diversity. Key characteristics, such as thermal stability, electrical conductivity, and mechanical resilience, are explored alongside their mechanisms. The review also highlights advancements in energy harvesting applications, such as H<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(_2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mn>2</mn> <mrow /> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> production, solar cells, energy storage, catalysis, spintronics, electronic devices, and environmental remediation. Additionally, future research directions are outlined to address existing gaps and enhance their role in next-generation technologies and environmental remediation.</p>

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Comprehensive review of MAX phase and MXene materials: synthesis, properties, and applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月1日

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  • C. B. Subba,
  • D. P. Rai,
  • Mukhriddin E. Tursunov,
  • Avazbek T. Dekhkonov,
  • Z. Pachuau

摘要

This paper reviews MAX phases (bulk) and their 2D derivative, MXenes, focusing on synthesis methods, properties, and applications. Traditional and advanced synthesis techniques, including solid-state synthesis and spark plasma sintering, are examined, emphasizing structural diversity. Key characteristics, such as thermal stability, electrical conductivity, and mechanical resilience, are explored alongside their mechanisms. The review also highlights advancements in energy harvesting applications, such as H \(_2\) 2 production, solar cells, energy storage, catalysis, spintronics, electronic devices, and environmental remediation. Additionally, future research directions are outlined to address existing gaps and enhance their role in next-generation technologies and environmental remediation.