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<p>Biochar, a carbon-rich material with a porous structure, holds significant potential for mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. However, its widespread adoption has been hindered by high production costs, primarily associated with oxygen-restricted systems and energy-intensive production processes. This study introduced a cost-effective, field-adapted strategy to enhance carbon retention in biochar derived from <i>Litchi</i> branches through limewater coating and synergistic water-fire interaction. <i>Litchi</i> branches were pretreated with limewater to create a surface coating, then underwent in-situ carbonization via self-oxygen-limited pyrolysis to form a dark-red char which was then quenched with limewater to produce biochar. Calcium (Ca)-mediated carbon retention during pyrolysis was investigated through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). The limewater-treated biochar achieved a significantly improved carbon conversion rate (86%) compared to CK (52%), the untreated biochar sample, with an enhanced specific surface area of 280 m<sup>2</sup>&#xa0;g<sup>–1</sup>. FTIR and SEM–EDS analyses revealed that the limewater treatment formed a calcium-enriched protective barrier that&#xa0;effectively suppressed the formation of CO<sub>x</sub> during combustion. Additionally, mineral Ca-carbon composites formed during pyrolysis further improved carbon stabilization and retention. This study offers a practical and scalable solution for producing biochar under field conditions by addressing challenges related to cost-effectiveness and process efficiency, thereby promoting the application of biochar for carbon sequestration.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Enhanced carbon retention in Litchi biochar via in-situ limewater coating and self-limited oxygen pyrolysis regulated by water-fire interaction

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月14日

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  • Liang Xiao,
  • Wenhan Li,
  • Jinghua Wu,
  • Yueshi Li,
  • Guodong Yuan,
  • Yingya Wang,
  • Qing Xu,
  • Lirong Feng,
  • Xiangying Hao,
  • Fengxiang X. Han

摘要

Biochar, a carbon-rich material with a porous structure, holds significant potential for mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. However, its widespread adoption has been hindered by high production costs, primarily associated with oxygen-restricted systems and energy-intensive production processes. This study introduced a cost-effective, field-adapted strategy to enhance carbon retention in biochar derived from Litchi branches through limewater coating and synergistic water-fire interaction. Litchi branches were pretreated with limewater to create a surface coating, then underwent in-situ carbonization via self-oxygen-limited pyrolysis to form a dark-red char which was then quenched with limewater to produce biochar. Calcium (Ca)-mediated carbon retention during pyrolysis was investigated through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). The limewater-treated biochar achieved a significantly improved carbon conversion rate (86%) compared to CK (52%), the untreated biochar sample, with an enhanced specific surface area of 280 m2 g–1. FTIR and SEM–EDS analyses revealed that the limewater treatment formed a calcium-enriched protective barrier that effectively suppressed the formation of COx during combustion. Additionally, mineral Ca-carbon composites formed during pyrolysis further improved carbon stabilization and retention. This study offers a practical and scalable solution for producing biochar under field conditions by addressing challenges related to cost-effectiveness and process efficiency, thereby promoting the application of biochar for carbon sequestration.

Graphical Abstract