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<p>A synergistic ternary geopolymer system based on dechlorinated and detoxified municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA), waste glass powder (GP), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) was developed to enhance mechanical performance and durability. MSWI FA is a potential resource for geopolymer synthesis. However, its independent reactivity is constrained by the scarcity of reactive aluminosilicate phases, and the coexistence of chlorides and heavy metals threatens structural durability. In this study, dechlorinated and detoxified MSWI FA was combined with GP and GGBS, and activated by a mixture of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate solutions (Na<sub>2</sub>O·<i>n</i>SiO<sub>2</sub>). The ternary geopolymer system showed synergistic formation of calcium-aluminum–silicate-hydrate (C–A–S–H) and sodium-aluminum–silicate-hydrate (N–A–S–H) gels, which further crosslinked into C–A–S–H gels, enhancing structural compactness. At 8% alkali equivalent, the ternary geopolymer reached 32.8&#xa0;MPa at 28&#xa0;d. This was 114% higher than that of the GP-GGBS binary geopolymer and 125% higher than that of the MSWI FA-GGBS binary geopolymer. In addition, the dense microstructure combined with chemical immobilization effectively suppressed the leachability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and chlorides. During the weathering tests, the MSWI FA-GP-GGBS ternary geopolymer maintained structural integrity. In contrast, the GP-GGBS binary geopolymer showed surface carbonation, and the MSWI FA-GGBS binary geopolymer developed cracking. The ternary system showed synergy among MSWI FA, GP, and GGBS, improving the mechanical performance and durability and supporting the construction utilization of MSWI FA.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Tailoring high-performance blend cementitious composites by co-recycling incineration fly ash, glass powder, and blast furnace slag

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月28日

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  • Yingying Xiong,
  • Ruolin Zhao,
  • Yan Xia,
  • Liang Zhao,
  • Bo Li,
  • Atabaev F. Baxtiyarovich,
  • Patryk Oleszczuk,
  • Małgorzata Wiśniewska,
  • Zengyi Ma,
  • Lei Wang

摘要

A synergistic ternary geopolymer system based on dechlorinated and detoxified municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA), waste glass powder (GP), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) was developed to enhance mechanical performance and durability. MSWI FA is a potential resource for geopolymer synthesis. However, its independent reactivity is constrained by the scarcity of reactive aluminosilicate phases, and the coexistence of chlorides and heavy metals threatens structural durability. In this study, dechlorinated and detoxified MSWI FA was combined with GP and GGBS, and activated by a mixture of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate solutions (Na2O·nSiO2). The ternary geopolymer system showed synergistic formation of calcium-aluminum–silicate-hydrate (C–A–S–H) and sodium-aluminum–silicate-hydrate (N–A–S–H) gels, which further crosslinked into C–A–S–H gels, enhancing structural compactness. At 8% alkali equivalent, the ternary geopolymer reached 32.8 MPa at 28 d. This was 114% higher than that of the GP-GGBS binary geopolymer and 125% higher than that of the MSWI FA-GGBS binary geopolymer. In addition, the dense microstructure combined with chemical immobilization effectively suppressed the leachability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and chlorides. During the weathering tests, the MSWI FA-GP-GGBS ternary geopolymer maintained structural integrity. In contrast, the GP-GGBS binary geopolymer showed surface carbonation, and the MSWI FA-GGBS binary geopolymer developed cracking. The ternary system showed synergy among MSWI FA, GP, and GGBS, improving the mechanical performance and durability and supporting the construction utilization of MSWI FA.

Graphical abstract