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<p>The present study utilized granite washing sludge (GWS) as the primary raw material, supplemented by quicklime (CaO), cement, phosphogypsum, and silica fume for the preparation of non-fired bricks. At the optimum ratio of GWS:CaO:cement:phosphogypsum:silica fume of 55:5:5:25:10, the non-fired bricks produced after 28 d of natural curing, reached a compressive strength of 15.04&#xa0;MPa with a density of 1580&#xa0;kg/m<sup>3</sup> and a hollow ratio of 0.93%, having a higher stability with only 2% strength loss after soaking in water for 4 d. The compressive strength reached 17.80&#xa0;MPa after 35 d. These properties meet the requirements for the MU15 strength grade specified in standard JC/T 422-2007. The hydration process was effectively described by the Avrami model, revealing a transition from an initial reaction-controlled stage to a subsequent diffusion-controlled stage. Microstructural and chemical characterization were obtained through microstructural and chemical characterizations, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate that GWS, synergistically interacting with multiple supplementary solid wastes, undergoes crystalline phase reconstruction. This process leads to the formation of interlaced platy, needle/rod-like crystalline phases of ettringite (AFt), calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H), and calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (C–A–S–H). These microstructures interpenetrate and are tightly bonded within the geopolymeric network of the non-fired bricks, enhancing their mechanical strength while effectively immobilizing the heavy metal constituents within the brick matrix.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Preparation of non-fired bricks from granite washing sludge and other solid wastes by hydration reaction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Zilong Zeng,
  • Xiaohong Chen,
  • Tingting Xiao,
  • Hong Zhou,
  • Zhiquan Pan,
  • Hanjun Wu,
  • Xuyang Fan

摘要

The present study utilized granite washing sludge (GWS) as the primary raw material, supplemented by quicklime (CaO), cement, phosphogypsum, and silica fume for the preparation of non-fired bricks. At the optimum ratio of GWS:CaO:cement:phosphogypsum:silica fume of 55:5:5:25:10, the non-fired bricks produced after 28 d of natural curing, reached a compressive strength of 15.04 MPa with a density of 1580 kg/m3 and a hollow ratio of 0.93%, having a higher stability with only 2% strength loss after soaking in water for 4 d. The compressive strength reached 17.80 MPa after 35 d. These properties meet the requirements for the MU15 strength grade specified in standard JC/T 422-2007. The hydration process was effectively described by the Avrami model, revealing a transition from an initial reaction-controlled stage to a subsequent diffusion-controlled stage. Microstructural and chemical characterization were obtained through microstructural and chemical characterizations, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate that GWS, synergistically interacting with multiple supplementary solid wastes, undergoes crystalline phase reconstruction. This process leads to the formation of interlaced platy, needle/rod-like crystalline phases of ettringite (AFt), calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H), and calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (C–A–S–H). These microstructures interpenetrate and are tightly bonded within the geopolymeric network of the non-fired bricks, enhancing their mechanical strength while effectively immobilizing the heavy metal constituents within the brick matrix.

Graphical abstract