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<p>Cashew nut shell (CNS), an abundant agricultural waste, represents a promising feedstock for sustainable bioenergy productions and value-added applications. In this study, CNS was valorized through pyrolysis to generate bio-oil and biochar (a carbon-rich material). The proximate analysis of CNS revealed a high volatile matter content, which confirms its suitability as a biomass feedstock. The ultimate analysis showed a favorable hydrogen–to–carbon ratio that enhances the energy density and combustibility. The results revealed that both temperature and particle size played critical roles in determining the conversion efficiency. The maximum bio-oil yield of 39.19% was obtained at 500 °C. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis confirmed that the bio-oil was enriched with cardanol as the dominant compound, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of diverse functional groups. The improved calorific values of bio-oil (25.33 kJ/g) and biochar (32.24 kJ/g) relative to raw biomass emphasized their viability as renewable and sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. Biochar obtained via pyrolysis can also be utilized as a carbon material. In addition to its energy potential, the bio-oil exhibits notable antibacterial activity, highlighting its applicability in biomedical and pharmaceutical domains. These findings establish CNS-derived bio-oil as a multifunctional product for both renewable energy and pharmaceutical applications, which ultimately contributes to circular economy models.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Harnessing pyrolysis for sustainable upcycling of cashew nut shells into high-value carbon materials and renewable energy solutions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月10日

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  • Tanya Srivastava,
  • Diwakar Patel,
  • Ravi Kumar Sonwani,
  • Kedar Sahoo

摘要

Cashew nut shell (CNS), an abundant agricultural waste, represents a promising feedstock for sustainable bioenergy productions and value-added applications. In this study, CNS was valorized through pyrolysis to generate bio-oil and biochar (a carbon-rich material). The proximate analysis of CNS revealed a high volatile matter content, which confirms its suitability as a biomass feedstock. The ultimate analysis showed a favorable hydrogen–to–carbon ratio that enhances the energy density and combustibility. The results revealed that both temperature and particle size played critical roles in determining the conversion efficiency. The maximum bio-oil yield of 39.19% was obtained at 500 °C. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis confirmed that the bio-oil was enriched with cardanol as the dominant compound, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of diverse functional groups. The improved calorific values of bio-oil (25.33 kJ/g) and biochar (32.24 kJ/g) relative to raw biomass emphasized their viability as renewable and sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. Biochar obtained via pyrolysis can also be utilized as a carbon material. In addition to its energy potential, the bio-oil exhibits notable antibacterial activity, highlighting its applicability in biomedical and pharmaceutical domains. These findings establish CNS-derived bio-oil as a multifunctional product for both renewable energy and pharmaceutical applications, which ultimately contributes to circular economy models.

Graphical abstract