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<p>Foot-mounted wearable equipment is rapidly being applied in healthcare and sports protection. However, it still faces limitations such as un-tunable mechanical properties, insufficient impact cushioning, and single functionality, failing to meet the personalized dynamic requirements. Herein, a magnetorheological-shear stiffening synergistic conductive composite fabric (named MRG/MFC) is proposed for smart insoles, integrating magneto-tunable flexibility, efficient impact cushioning, and electrothermal therapy. Under applying the magnetic field, the modulus of MRG/MFC can be adjusted and the magnetorheological effect of the magnetorheological shear stiffening gel (MRG) reaches up to 3161% (600 mT). Meanwhile, the shear stiffening gel endows the MRG/MFC with the typical rate-dependent energy dissipation, in which the peak impact force can be critically reduced (&gt;45%) and the buffer time can be particularly prolonged (&gt;80%). In addition, MRG/MFC can quickly absorb sweat; thus, it also enhances the wearing comfort. Furthermore, owing to the good electric conductivity, the MRG/MFC shows wonderful electrothermal properties (30–115 °C) under low voltage, and this offers the possibility for foot health care. Finally, a smart insole integrated with MRG/MFC is constructed and its plantar stress distribution can be regulated <i>via</i> attaching a magnetic sticker. As a result, this design concept provides a multifunctional composite for personalized foot protection which possesses wide application potential for athletes and diabetic patients.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Modulus-Adjustable Smart Insole with Magneto-tunable Flexibility, High Impact-Responsive Energy Absorption and Low-Voltage Thermal Management

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • Liang Lu,
  • Xinyi Wang,
  • Shaolin Ge,
  • Quan Shu,
  • Ken Cham-Fai Leung,
  • Zuchang Ma,
  • Shouhu Xuan

摘要

Foot-mounted wearable equipment is rapidly being applied in healthcare and sports protection. However, it still faces limitations such as un-tunable mechanical properties, insufficient impact cushioning, and single functionality, failing to meet the personalized dynamic requirements. Herein, a magnetorheological-shear stiffening synergistic conductive composite fabric (named MRG/MFC) is proposed for smart insoles, integrating magneto-tunable flexibility, efficient impact cushioning, and electrothermal therapy. Under applying the magnetic field, the modulus of MRG/MFC can be adjusted and the magnetorheological effect of the magnetorheological shear stiffening gel (MRG) reaches up to 3161% (600 mT). Meanwhile, the shear stiffening gel endows the MRG/MFC with the typical rate-dependent energy dissipation, in which the peak impact force can be critically reduced (>45%) and the buffer time can be particularly prolonged (>80%). In addition, MRG/MFC can quickly absorb sweat; thus, it also enhances the wearing comfort. Furthermore, owing to the good electric conductivity, the MRG/MFC shows wonderful electrothermal properties (30–115 °C) under low voltage, and this offers the possibility for foot health care. Finally, a smart insole integrated with MRG/MFC is constructed and its plantar stress distribution can be regulated via attaching a magnetic sticker. As a result, this design concept provides a multifunctional composite for personalized foot protection which possesses wide application potential for athletes and diabetic patients.

Graphical Abstract