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<p>Purpose: While olive pomace compost (OPC) represents an environmentally sustainable amendment, its nutrient enrichment may also favour the growth of invasive plant species, worsening an already significant ecological issue. Methods: This study evaluated the performance of invasive species E. canadensis and the non-invasive crop E. sativa in response to different OPCs produced under three amendment regimes: OP + barley straw (C1), OP + barley straw + urea (C2), and OP + barley straw + sheep litter (C3), applied at standard and elevated (10×) doses across three plant communities: invasive-only, crop-only, and mixed. Results: E. canadensis exhibited dry biomass of shoot (DBS) increased by 30.82% and 30.51%, respectively. In contrast, E. sativa exhibited DBS of 29.36% under C2 × 10 in the crop-only community. In invaded soil, TC, and TN were highest under C3 × 10 (p &lt; 0.001), whereas B, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, and Si were higher under C1 × 10 in the non-invaded soil. E. sativa accumulated high levels of Na, P, S, and Si in the crop-only community. E. canadensis increased levels of Al and Fe in all compost treatments, with B, Ca, K, Na, and S exceeding BCFs &gt; 1, while other elements remained &lt; 1. Flavonoids declined in E. sativa but were strongly upregulated in E. canadensis (diosmetin, apigenin), with phenolic acids accumulating predominantly in the invasive-only community. Conclusions: Overall, nitrogen-enriched OP composts preferentially enhance the growth of E. canadensis and may potentially reinforce its competitive advantage over crops, emphasising the need to consider ecological risks when applying compost in invaded agroecosystems.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Influence of Olive Pomace Compost on Crop-Invasive Species Performance: Linking Competition, Nutrient Uptake, and Secondary Metabolites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Qaiser Javed,
  • Mohammed Bouhadi,
  • Igor Palčić,
  • Danko Cvitan,
  • Ahmad Azeem,
  • Dominik Anđelini,
  • Nikola Major,
  • Melissa Prelac,
  • Smiljana Goreta Ban,
  • Dean Ban,
  • David Heath,
  • Marko Černe

摘要

Purpose: While olive pomace compost (OPC) represents an environmentally sustainable amendment, its nutrient enrichment may also favour the growth of invasive plant species, worsening an already significant ecological issue. Methods: This study evaluated the performance of invasive species E. canadensis and the non-invasive crop E. sativa in response to different OPCs produced under three amendment regimes: OP + barley straw (C1), OP + barley straw + urea (C2), and OP + barley straw + sheep litter (C3), applied at standard and elevated (10×) doses across three plant communities: invasive-only, crop-only, and mixed. Results: E. canadensis exhibited dry biomass of shoot (DBS) increased by 30.82% and 30.51%, respectively. In contrast, E. sativa exhibited DBS of 29.36% under C2 × 10 in the crop-only community. In invaded soil, TC, and TN were highest under C3 × 10 (p < 0.001), whereas B, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, and Si were higher under C1 × 10 in the non-invaded soil. E. sativa accumulated high levels of Na, P, S, and Si in the crop-only community. E. canadensis increased levels of Al and Fe in all compost treatments, with B, Ca, K, Na, and S exceeding BCFs > 1, while other elements remained < 1. Flavonoids declined in E. sativa but were strongly upregulated in E. canadensis (diosmetin, apigenin), with phenolic acids accumulating predominantly in the invasive-only community. Conclusions: Overall, nitrogen-enriched OP composts preferentially enhance the growth of E. canadensis and may potentially reinforce its competitive advantage over crops, emphasising the need to consider ecological risks when applying compost in invaded agroecosystems.

Graphical Abstract