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<p>Calcareous soils pose significant constraints to plant nutrient uptake due to high pH and calcium carbonate content. This study evaluated the effects of biochar (BC), leonardite (L), and polyacrylamide (PAM), applied individually and in combination, on early maize (<i>Zea</i> <i>mays</i> L.) growth and selected soil properties in calcareous soil. A pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions using calcareous soil amended with BC, L, and PAM. Soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), aggregate stability (AS), and penetration resistance (PR) were determined. Plant growth parameters included plant height, stem diameter, SPAD values, and total nitrogen (TN). Across treatments, SPAD values ranged from 35.20 to 43.90, TN from 0.79 to 1.62%, plant height from 29 to 46 cm, stem diameter from 1.83 to 3.40 mm, leaf width from 1.20 to 2.10 cm, and leaf length from 13.50 to 28.50 cm. Soil OC varied between 0.85 and 2.55%, pH between 8.01 and 8.83, EC from 504 to 1378 µS cm⁻¹, AS from 38.25 to 77.50%, and PR from 0.07 to 0.17 MPa. The combined application of BC and L produced the most pronounced improvements in both soil quality and early maize growth, characterized by higher SPAD and TN values, enhanced aggregate stability, and reduced penetration resistance. PCA and correlation analyses confirmed strong linkages between soil structural quality and plant growth responses. Integrated BC-based amendment combinations, particularly BC + L, represent an effective and sustainable strategy for improving soil quality and promoting maize growth in calcareous soils.</p>

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Integrated Biochar-Based Amendments Enhance Soil Quality and Early Maize Development in Calcareous Soil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • Yasin Demir,
  • Halit Tutar,
  • Hasan Er,
  • Azize Doğan Demir,
  • Muhammad Farooq

摘要

Calcareous soils pose significant constraints to plant nutrient uptake due to high pH and calcium carbonate content. This study evaluated the effects of biochar (BC), leonardite (L), and polyacrylamide (PAM), applied individually and in combination, on early maize (Zea mays L.) growth and selected soil properties in calcareous soil. A pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions using calcareous soil amended with BC, L, and PAM. Soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), aggregate stability (AS), and penetration resistance (PR) were determined. Plant growth parameters included plant height, stem diameter, SPAD values, and total nitrogen (TN). Across treatments, SPAD values ranged from 35.20 to 43.90, TN from 0.79 to 1.62%, plant height from 29 to 46 cm, stem diameter from 1.83 to 3.40 mm, leaf width from 1.20 to 2.10 cm, and leaf length from 13.50 to 28.50 cm. Soil OC varied between 0.85 and 2.55%, pH between 8.01 and 8.83, EC from 504 to 1378 µS cm⁻¹, AS from 38.25 to 77.50%, and PR from 0.07 to 0.17 MPa. The combined application of BC and L produced the most pronounced improvements in both soil quality and early maize growth, characterized by higher SPAD and TN values, enhanced aggregate stability, and reduced penetration resistance. PCA and correlation analyses confirmed strong linkages between soil structural quality and plant growth responses. Integrated BC-based amendment combinations, particularly BC + L, represent an effective and sustainable strategy for improving soil quality and promoting maize growth in calcareous soils.