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<p>The increasing global demand for agricultural products has intensified concerns about food security and sustainability of high-input farming systems. Excessive chemical fertilizer and pesticide use has degraded soil quality and environment, necessitating sustainable cropping systems that optimize nutrient use efficiency while maintaining soil health and crop productivity. Red bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.), valued for nitrogen fixation, responds strongly to soil management practices, yet interactive effects of cropping systems and cultivar selection remain underexplored.&#xa0;A 5 × 4 factorial experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with three replicates over 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 growing seasons in Beiranshar, Lorestan Province, Iran (33°40′N, 48°29′E). Five cropping systems [ecological (C1), integrated (C2), low-input (C3), medium-input (C4), high-input (C5)] differed in biochar (10ton ha⁻¹), vermicompost (15ton ha⁻¹), biological inoculants (Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Rhizobium), and chemical fertilizers. Four commercial cultivars [Ofogh (G1), Dadfar (G2), Goli (G3), Yaghot (G4)] were evaluated. Measured traits included yield components, grain yield, harvest index, chlorophyll content (SPAD), photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and soil properties (nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon, respiration, porosity, electrical conductivity (EC), Cation exchange capacity (CEC), buffering capacity).&#xa0;The results demonstrated that cropping systems significantly influenced photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, soil nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, soil organic carbon, soil respiration, soil porosity, soil buffering capacity, soil electrical conductivity, and cation exchange capacity. Among the evaluated cultivars, Yaghot consistently outperformed the others across all measured traits. The interaction between cropping systems and cultivars revealed that the integrated cropping system combined with the Yaghot cultivar produced the highest number of pods per plant (25.6). The highest number of seeds per pod (5.2) was obtained under the integrated cropping system in combination with the Yaghot and Dadfar cultivars. The maximum thousand‑grain weight was recorded for the Yaghot cultivar under the low‑input (47.1&#xa0;g) and integrated (45.8&#xa0;g) cropping systems. Moreover, the highest seed yield was achieved by the Yaghot cultivar under the integrated (3092.3&#xa0;kg ha⁻¹) and high‑input (2991.5&#xa0;kg ha⁻¹) cropping systems. Likewise, the maximum harvest index (50.1%) was observed in the integrated cropping system with the Yaghot cultivar. In addition, the highest leaf chlorophyll content (50.53) was recorded in the high input system in combination with the Dadfar cultivar.&#xa0;Integrated cropping with Yaghot cultivar optimizes red bean productivity and soil quality with minimal chemical inputs, providing a sustainable model for semi-arid regions.</p>

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Soil Health Meets Yield: Integrated Management Outshines High-Input Systems in Red Bean Cultivation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Hadi Khavari,
  • Ali Khorgami,
  • Reza Mirdrikvand,
  • Kazem Taleshi

摘要

The increasing global demand for agricultural products has intensified concerns about food security and sustainability of high-input farming systems. Excessive chemical fertilizer and pesticide use has degraded soil quality and environment, necessitating sustainable cropping systems that optimize nutrient use efficiency while maintaining soil health and crop productivity. Red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), valued for nitrogen fixation, responds strongly to soil management practices, yet interactive effects of cropping systems and cultivar selection remain underexplored. A 5 × 4 factorial experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with three replicates over 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 growing seasons in Beiranshar, Lorestan Province, Iran (33°40′N, 48°29′E). Five cropping systems [ecological (C1), integrated (C2), low-input (C3), medium-input (C4), high-input (C5)] differed in biochar (10ton ha⁻¹), vermicompost (15ton ha⁻¹), biological inoculants (Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Rhizobium), and chemical fertilizers. Four commercial cultivars [Ofogh (G1), Dadfar (G2), Goli (G3), Yaghot (G4)] were evaluated. Measured traits included yield components, grain yield, harvest index, chlorophyll content (SPAD), photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and soil properties (nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon, respiration, porosity, electrical conductivity (EC), Cation exchange capacity (CEC), buffering capacity). The results demonstrated that cropping systems significantly influenced photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, soil nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, soil organic carbon, soil respiration, soil porosity, soil buffering capacity, soil electrical conductivity, and cation exchange capacity. Among the evaluated cultivars, Yaghot consistently outperformed the others across all measured traits. The interaction between cropping systems and cultivars revealed that the integrated cropping system combined with the Yaghot cultivar produced the highest number of pods per plant (25.6). The highest number of seeds per pod (5.2) was obtained under the integrated cropping system in combination with the Yaghot and Dadfar cultivars. The maximum thousand‑grain weight was recorded for the Yaghot cultivar under the low‑input (47.1 g) and integrated (45.8 g) cropping systems. Moreover, the highest seed yield was achieved by the Yaghot cultivar under the integrated (3092.3 kg ha⁻¹) and high‑input (2991.5 kg ha⁻¹) cropping systems. Likewise, the maximum harvest index (50.1%) was observed in the integrated cropping system with the Yaghot cultivar. In addition, the highest leaf chlorophyll content (50.53) was recorded in the high input system in combination with the Dadfar cultivar. Integrated cropping with Yaghot cultivar optimizes red bean productivity and soil quality with minimal chemical inputs, providing a sustainable model for semi-arid regions.