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<p>The extensive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, of which humans and animals metabolize less than 30%, results in their accumulation in agricultural soils via manure and wastewater application. This accumulation may disrupt soil–plant–microbiome interactions and adversely affect crop productivity. The study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of two antibiotics, oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin, to the soil-wheat microbiome, plant nutrient uptake, and growth in pressmud-amended and unamended soil. A wirehouse pot experiment was conducted with six treatments: control (no antibiotics, no pressmud), oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, pressmud, oxytetracycline + pressmud, and ciprofloxacin + pressmud. The antibiotics and pressmud were applied at the rate of 25 mg kg<sup>− 1</sup> and 10 g kg<sup>− 1</sup>, respectively. Oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin decreased soil microbial abundance by 16% and 26%, while root endophytic populations declined by 16% and 34%, respectively. Ciprofloxacin induced leaf chlorosis, and oxytetracycline caused necrosis at the early growth stage. Consistent with these effects, ciprofloxacin markedly reduced root and shoot biomass by 35% and 45%, respectively, whereas oxytetracycline caused comparatively smaller reductions (8% and 17%) relative to the control. Ciprofloxacin-induced growth inhibition was further associated with reduced shoot nitrogen (19%), phosphorus (38%), and potassium (48%) concentrations, whereas oxytetracycline affected only shoot nitrogen. Co-application of pressmud substantially mitigated antibiotic-induced stress by enhancing soil microbial abundance by 44% and 57% and increasing root endophyte populations by 50% and 49% under oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin, respectively, compared with antibiotic-only treatments. Consistently, pressmud co-application alleviated toxicity symptoms, and enhanced root biomass by 17% and 62%, and shoot biomass by 35% and 26% under oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Pressmud-induced growth promotion was also linked to increased shoot nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations by 31%, 162%, and 278%, respectively. Overall, ciprofloxacin exhibited greater toxicity to the soil-plant-microbiome and wheat than oxytetracycline, while pressmud amendment mitigated the toxicity of both antibiotics, enhancing the soil–plant–microbiota, nutrient uptake, and growth of wheat.</p>

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Pressmud Enhances Soil Microbial Activity, Root Endophyte Populations, Nutrient Uptake, and Wheat Growth in an Antibiotic-Contaminated Soil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月20日

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  • Waqar Ul Abbas,
  • Muhammad Imran,
  • Muhammad Akhtar,
  • Basit Haider,
  • Hadeeqa Arshad,
  • Asif Naeem

摘要

The extensive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, of which humans and animals metabolize less than 30%, results in their accumulation in agricultural soils via manure and wastewater application. This accumulation may disrupt soil–plant–microbiome interactions and adversely affect crop productivity. The study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of two antibiotics, oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin, to the soil-wheat microbiome, plant nutrient uptake, and growth in pressmud-amended and unamended soil. A wirehouse pot experiment was conducted with six treatments: control (no antibiotics, no pressmud), oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, pressmud, oxytetracycline + pressmud, and ciprofloxacin + pressmud. The antibiotics and pressmud were applied at the rate of 25 mg kg− 1 and 10 g kg− 1, respectively. Oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin decreased soil microbial abundance by 16% and 26%, while root endophytic populations declined by 16% and 34%, respectively. Ciprofloxacin induced leaf chlorosis, and oxytetracycline caused necrosis at the early growth stage. Consistent with these effects, ciprofloxacin markedly reduced root and shoot biomass by 35% and 45%, respectively, whereas oxytetracycline caused comparatively smaller reductions (8% and 17%) relative to the control. Ciprofloxacin-induced growth inhibition was further associated with reduced shoot nitrogen (19%), phosphorus (38%), and potassium (48%) concentrations, whereas oxytetracycline affected only shoot nitrogen. Co-application of pressmud substantially mitigated antibiotic-induced stress by enhancing soil microbial abundance by 44% and 57% and increasing root endophyte populations by 50% and 49% under oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin, respectively, compared with antibiotic-only treatments. Consistently, pressmud co-application alleviated toxicity symptoms, and enhanced root biomass by 17% and 62%, and shoot biomass by 35% and 26% under oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Pressmud-induced growth promotion was also linked to increased shoot nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations by 31%, 162%, and 278%, respectively. Overall, ciprofloxacin exhibited greater toxicity to the soil-plant-microbiome and wheat than oxytetracycline, while pressmud amendment mitigated the toxicity of both antibiotics, enhancing the soil–plant–microbiota, nutrient uptake, and growth of wheat.