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<p>Soil salinity affects extensive areas of arable land worldwide, threatening global food security and agricultural sustainability. Salt-affected soils impair crop growth through osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and nutrient imbalances, with climate change and poor irrigation practices exacerbating salinization. Conventional amelioration strategies often prove costly and environmentally unsustainable, necessitating innovative approaches to restore soil functionality and crop productivity.&#xa0;We review and synthesize evidence demonstrating that biochar application can substantially enhance crop performance in saline environments through multiple interconnected mechanisms involving physical, chemical, and biological soil processes.&#xa0;While biochar frequently improves soil aggregation and cation exchange capacity, its effects are not universally beneficial. For example, biochar derived from high-salinity feedstock or produced at lower pyrolysis temperatures may introduce soluble salts, potentially exacerbating osmotic stress. Similarly, microbial responses remain highly context-dependent, with some studies reporting transient stimulation followed by functional stabilization. These inconsistencies underscore the importance of application-specific design rather than assuming uniformly positive outcomes.&#xa0;By elucidating the multifaceted mechanisms through which biochar ameliorate saline soils, this review identifies several critical knowledge gaps that warrant further investigation, including long-term field performance, standardized characterization protocols, site-specific optimization strategies, and techno-economic feasibility.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Advancing Saline Soil Management through Biochar Applications: A Systems-based Review of Mechanisms Alleviating Salt Stress in Crops

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月27日

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  • Mukesh Kumar Soothar,
  • Yanbing Qi,
  • Guohong Du,
  • Muhammad Iqbal Jakhro,
  • Shah Jahan Leghari,
  • Mahendar Kumar Sootahar

摘要

Soil salinity affects extensive areas of arable land worldwide, threatening global food security and agricultural sustainability. Salt-affected soils impair crop growth through osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and nutrient imbalances, with climate change and poor irrigation practices exacerbating salinization. Conventional amelioration strategies often prove costly and environmentally unsustainable, necessitating innovative approaches to restore soil functionality and crop productivity. We review and synthesize evidence demonstrating that biochar application can substantially enhance crop performance in saline environments through multiple interconnected mechanisms involving physical, chemical, and biological soil processes. While biochar frequently improves soil aggregation and cation exchange capacity, its effects are not universally beneficial. For example, biochar derived from high-salinity feedstock or produced at lower pyrolysis temperatures may introduce soluble salts, potentially exacerbating osmotic stress. Similarly, microbial responses remain highly context-dependent, with some studies reporting transient stimulation followed by functional stabilization. These inconsistencies underscore the importance of application-specific design rather than assuming uniformly positive outcomes. By elucidating the multifaceted mechanisms through which biochar ameliorate saline soils, this review identifies several critical knowledge gaps that warrant further investigation, including long-term field performance, standardized characterization protocols, site-specific optimization strategies, and techno-economic feasibility.

Graphical Abstract