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<p>Global population growth has intensified food production demands, driving the accelerated adoption of synthetic fertilizers across agricultural systems. These conventional fertilizers exhibit low nutrient use efficiency (NUE), with up to 50% of the applied nutrients lost through leaching, volatilization, denitrification, or soil immobilization. These conventional fertilizers are highly water-soluble and dissolve rapidly in soil moisture or irrigation water, leading to excessive nutrient concentrations in the root zone that exceed crop uptake capacity. These inefficiencies result in nutrient surplus entering the surrounding ecosystem via surface runoff and leaching, contributing to aquatic eutrophication, gaseous emissions, and adverse effects on human health. Slow- and controlled-release fertilizers (SCRFs) address this by encapsulating soluble nutrient cores within semi-permeable membranes designed to synchronize delivery with crop demand. Release kinetics are governed by coating properties: polymer type, membrane thickness, and sensitivity to soil temperature and moisture vary considerably across product classes and determine how actual release tracks crop uptake in practice. Synthetic coatings, polyolefins, polyurethanes, and sulfur-polymer composites remain commercially dominant but accumulate as polymer residues in agricultural soils. Naturally derived alternatives, including starch, lignin, cellulose, and bio-based polyesters, are biodegradable but show inconsistent release precision and durability when tested under field conditions. This review synthesizes evidence on nutrient release mechanisms, the classification and performance of synthetic and biopolymer coating materials, and agronomic and environmental outcomes reported across cereal, legume, and vegetable crop systems. Biodegradable coatings can approach the efficiency of synthetic polymer systems under controlled conditions; cost, coating uniformity, and temperature sensitivity remain the primary barriers to field-scale adoption.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Advances in Coated Fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月18日

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  • Muhammad Tahir Murad,
  • Sadia Murad,
  • Waqar Akram,
  • Mohammad Shafiq u Rahman,
  • Afroz Rais,
  • Abdul Qadir,
  • Dawood Atta

摘要

Global population growth has intensified food production demands, driving the accelerated adoption of synthetic fertilizers across agricultural systems. These conventional fertilizers exhibit low nutrient use efficiency (NUE), with up to 50% of the applied nutrients lost through leaching, volatilization, denitrification, or soil immobilization. These conventional fertilizers are highly water-soluble and dissolve rapidly in soil moisture or irrigation water, leading to excessive nutrient concentrations in the root zone that exceed crop uptake capacity. These inefficiencies result in nutrient surplus entering the surrounding ecosystem via surface runoff and leaching, contributing to aquatic eutrophication, gaseous emissions, and adverse effects on human health. Slow- and controlled-release fertilizers (SCRFs) address this by encapsulating soluble nutrient cores within semi-permeable membranes designed to synchronize delivery with crop demand. Release kinetics are governed by coating properties: polymer type, membrane thickness, and sensitivity to soil temperature and moisture vary considerably across product classes and determine how actual release tracks crop uptake in practice. Synthetic coatings, polyolefins, polyurethanes, and sulfur-polymer composites remain commercially dominant but accumulate as polymer residues in agricultural soils. Naturally derived alternatives, including starch, lignin, cellulose, and bio-based polyesters, are biodegradable but show inconsistent release precision and durability when tested under field conditions. This review synthesizes evidence on nutrient release mechanisms, the classification and performance of synthetic and biopolymer coating materials, and agronomic and environmental outcomes reported across cereal, legume, and vegetable crop systems. Biodegradable coatings can approach the efficiency of synthetic polymer systems under controlled conditions; cost, coating uniformity, and temperature sensitivity remain the primary barriers to field-scale adoption.

Graphical Abstract