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<p>Peat is the most widely used commercial carrier for rhizobial inoculants, but it is non-renewable and increasingly scarce. We aimed to formulate pinewood biochar (PWBC) carrier blended at defined ratios with a biopolymer (xanthan gum), a superabsorbent polymer (polyacrylamide), and waste-derived organics (eggshell, mulch hay) to improve moisture buffering and rhizobial persistence, nodulation and nitrogen (N) fixation. Shelf-life and survival rate were first determined across six carriers {peat; PWBC; PWBC + xanthan (PWBC-X); PWBC + xanthan + polyacrylamide (PWBC-XP); PWBC + xanthan + polyacrylamide + eggshell (PWBC-XPE); PWBC + xanthan + polyacrylamide + eggshell + mulch hay (PWBC-XPEM)} for 120 days, stored at 28 ℃. The foremost carrier PWBC-XPEM was then selected for glasshouse evaluation against uninoculated control, peat, and PWBC. Soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> L.) was grown under three watering regimes (D0: 55% water holding capacity (WHC), well-watered; D1 30%WHC, moderate drought; D2: 15%WHC, severe drought). Results from this study revealed that PWBC-XPEM showed the highest storage performance, maintaining a rhizobial population of 11.06 log10 CFU g⁻¹ and 95% survival after 120 days (p &lt; 0.05) as compared to peat and other formulations. Under D2, soybean plants inoculated with PWBC-XPEM increased shoot dry weight (90%), root length (189%), and nodule number (163%) relative to the uninoculated control, and enhanced biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) (87%), nitrogenaseactivity (1.10 μmol C₂H₄ h⁻¹ plant⁻¹), chlorophyll and membrane stability. Overall, PWBC-XPEM emerges as a suitable peat alternative, combining better shelf life and improved soybean growth performance particularly under severe drought conditions, supporting dryland-oriented inoculant applications and offering clear prospects for the commercial application.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Enhancing Rhizobial Inoculum Effectiveness Through Novel Formulation of Biochar-Nutrients-Biopolymers and Superabsorbent Polymers

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • Rahat Shabir,
  • Yantao Li,
  • Megharaj Mallavarapu,
  • Yunying Fang,
  • Chengrong Chen

摘要

Peat is the most widely used commercial carrier for rhizobial inoculants, but it is non-renewable and increasingly scarce. We aimed to formulate pinewood biochar (PWBC) carrier blended at defined ratios with a biopolymer (xanthan gum), a superabsorbent polymer (polyacrylamide), and waste-derived organics (eggshell, mulch hay) to improve moisture buffering and rhizobial persistence, nodulation and nitrogen (N) fixation. Shelf-life and survival rate were first determined across six carriers {peat; PWBC; PWBC + xanthan (PWBC-X); PWBC + xanthan + polyacrylamide (PWBC-XP); PWBC + xanthan + polyacrylamide + eggshell (PWBC-XPE); PWBC + xanthan + polyacrylamide + eggshell + mulch hay (PWBC-XPEM)} for 120 days, stored at 28 ℃. The foremost carrier PWBC-XPEM was then selected for glasshouse evaluation against uninoculated control, peat, and PWBC. Soybean (Glycine max L.) was grown under three watering regimes (D0: 55% water holding capacity (WHC), well-watered; D1 30%WHC, moderate drought; D2: 15%WHC, severe drought). Results from this study revealed that PWBC-XPEM showed the highest storage performance, maintaining a rhizobial population of 11.06 log10 CFU g⁻¹ and 95% survival after 120 days (p < 0.05) as compared to peat and other formulations. Under D2, soybean plants inoculated with PWBC-XPEM increased shoot dry weight (90%), root length (189%), and nodule number (163%) relative to the uninoculated control, and enhanced biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) (87%), nitrogenaseactivity (1.10 μmol C₂H₄ h⁻¹ plant⁻¹), chlorophyll and membrane stability. Overall, PWBC-XPEM emerges as a suitable peat alternative, combining better shelf life and improved soybean growth performance particularly under severe drought conditions, supporting dryland-oriented inoculant applications and offering clear prospects for the commercial application.

Graphical Abstract