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Purpose <p>Phosphorus is prone to fixation with ions present in the soil, forming chelates that render it relatively inaccessible to plants. The novelty of this study lies in the development of a biologically coated slow-release diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer by integrating <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> FB2 with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to simultaneously regulate nutrient release and enhance phosphorus availability for maize production.</p> Methods <p>Four fertilizer treatments, including uncoated DAP, <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> FB2–coated DAP, PVA-coated DAP (0.5%), and combined <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> FB2 + PVA-coated DAP were prepared using a fluidized bed spray coating system and evaluated for nutrient release, microbial survival, maize growth, nutrient uptake, and soil properties under pot conditions.</p> Results <p>The PSB + PVA-coated DAP significantly reduced nutrient release compared with uncoated DAP, with phosphorus release decreasing from 42.87% to 18.98% and nitrogen release from 51.75% to 26.75% after 300&#xa0;min. This treatment also resulted in the greatest improvement in maize growth performance, including plant height (158 ± 2.4&#xa0;cm), shoot dry biomass (13,600 ± 1850&#xa0;kg ha⁻¹), and phosphorus uptake (11.45 ± 1.5&#xa0;kg ha⁻¹). Soil available phosphorus increased to 41.20&#xa0;kg ha⁻¹, indicating improved nutrient availability under coated fertilizer application.</p> Conclusion <p>The developed PSB and PVA-coated DAP fertilizer improved phosphorus use efficiency and maize growth by providing controlled nutrient release and enhancing phosphorus availability. This formulation can be used as a practical slow-release fertilizer option for maize production systems to reduce nutrient losses and improve fertilizer efficiency under conventional agricultural practices.</p>

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Slow-Release DAP Fertilizer Coated with Bacillus velezensis FB2 and Polyvinyl Alcohol for Sustainable Maize Production

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月26日

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  • Zumrah Rehman,
  • Muhammad Bilal Khan Niazi,
  • Zaib Jahan,
  • Ghulam Abbas Shah,
  • Hazrat Ali,
  • Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi,
  • Waqas Mohy-Ud-Din,
  • Qasim Ali,
  • Gamal Awad El-Shaboury,
  • Haitham Ibrahim El-Mekkawy

摘要

Purpose

Phosphorus is prone to fixation with ions present in the soil, forming chelates that render it relatively inaccessible to plants. The novelty of this study lies in the development of a biologically coated slow-release diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer by integrating Bacillus velezensis FB2 with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to simultaneously regulate nutrient release and enhance phosphorus availability for maize production.

Methods

Four fertilizer treatments, including uncoated DAP, Bacillus velezensis FB2–coated DAP, PVA-coated DAP (0.5%), and combined Bacillus velezensis FB2 + PVA-coated DAP were prepared using a fluidized bed spray coating system and evaluated for nutrient release, microbial survival, maize growth, nutrient uptake, and soil properties under pot conditions.

Results

The PSB + PVA-coated DAP significantly reduced nutrient release compared with uncoated DAP, with phosphorus release decreasing from 42.87% to 18.98% and nitrogen release from 51.75% to 26.75% after 300 min. This treatment also resulted in the greatest improvement in maize growth performance, including plant height (158 ± 2.4 cm), shoot dry biomass (13,600 ± 1850 kg ha⁻¹), and phosphorus uptake (11.45 ± 1.5 kg ha⁻¹). Soil available phosphorus increased to 41.20 kg ha⁻¹, indicating improved nutrient availability under coated fertilizer application.

Conclusion

The developed PSB and PVA-coated DAP fertilizer improved phosphorus use efficiency and maize growth by providing controlled nutrient release and enhancing phosphorus availability. This formulation can be used as a practical slow-release fertilizer option for maize production systems to reduce nutrient losses and improve fertilizer efficiency under conventional agricultural practices.