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<p>Soil, water, and air contamination threatens agricultural sustainability and poses serious risks to human health. Long-term irrigation with sewage water (SW) leads to the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils, with lead (Pb) being among the most prevalent contaminants. This pot experiment evaluated the bioremediation potential of calcium sulfate (CaSO₄) in alleviating Pb stress in tomato plants.&#xa0;Experimental treatments included (i) irrigation with fresh water (FW), (ii) with sewage water (SW), (iii) with SW + 0.75% CaSO<sub>4</sub> kg<sup>− 1</sup> soil (SWCa1), (iv) with SW + 1.50% CaSO<sub>4</sub> kg<sup>− 1</sup> soil (SWCa2) and (v) with SW + 2.25% CaSO<sub>4</sub> kg<sup>− 1</sup> soil (SWCa3) arranged in a factorial Completely Randomized Design with four replications.&#xa0;Results showed that Pb concentrations were markedly higher in SW-irrigated plants compared to FW controls, leading to reduced photosynthetic efficiency, water use efficiency, and chlorophyll content, alongside enhanced oxidative stress through elevated reactive oxygen and antioxidant enzyme activities. Application of CaSO₄, particularly at 0.75%, significantly reduced Pb accumulation in plant tissues, lowered oxidative damage, and improved soil–plant interactions. Treated plants exhibited 18% higher chlorophyll content, 30% greater photosynthetic rate, 26% higher transpiration, and 47% improved stomatal conductance compared to SW treatment plants. These improvements translated into enhanced biomass, root growth, plant height, fruit yield, and quality attributes.&#xa0;Overall, the study demonstrates that CaSO₄ mediated bioremediation is an effective and low-cost strategy to reduce heavy metal bioavailability, improve soil biochemical balance, and strengthen plant antioxidant defense, thereby supporting safer tomato production in sewage water-irrigated systems.</p>

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Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Contamination through CaSO₄ Application Under Sewage Water Irrigation Enhances Plant Physiology and Antioxidant Defense in Tomato

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • Rashid Jawad,
  • Shaghef Ejaz,
  • Aamir Nawaz,
  • Hafiz Mohkum Hammad,
  • Sajid Ali,
  • Farhat Abbas,
  • Artemi Cerdà

摘要

Soil, water, and air contamination threatens agricultural sustainability and poses serious risks to human health. Long-term irrigation with sewage water (SW) leads to the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils, with lead (Pb) being among the most prevalent contaminants. This pot experiment evaluated the bioremediation potential of calcium sulfate (CaSO₄) in alleviating Pb stress in tomato plants. Experimental treatments included (i) irrigation with fresh water (FW), (ii) with sewage water (SW), (iii) with SW + 0.75% CaSO4 kg− 1 soil (SWCa1), (iv) with SW + 1.50% CaSO4 kg− 1 soil (SWCa2) and (v) with SW + 2.25% CaSO4 kg− 1 soil (SWCa3) arranged in a factorial Completely Randomized Design with four replications. Results showed that Pb concentrations were markedly higher in SW-irrigated plants compared to FW controls, leading to reduced photosynthetic efficiency, water use efficiency, and chlorophyll content, alongside enhanced oxidative stress through elevated reactive oxygen and antioxidant enzyme activities. Application of CaSO₄, particularly at 0.75%, significantly reduced Pb accumulation in plant tissues, lowered oxidative damage, and improved soil–plant interactions. Treated plants exhibited 18% higher chlorophyll content, 30% greater photosynthetic rate, 26% higher transpiration, and 47% improved stomatal conductance compared to SW treatment plants. These improvements translated into enhanced biomass, root growth, plant height, fruit yield, and quality attributes. Overall, the study demonstrates that CaSO₄ mediated bioremediation is an effective and low-cost strategy to reduce heavy metal bioavailability, improve soil biochemical balance, and strengthen plant antioxidant defense, thereby supporting safer tomato production in sewage water-irrigated systems.