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<p><i>Cassia javanica</i> is one of the commonly cultivated trees in urban landscapes worldwide. This study assessed the ecological effects of such tree on the urban vegetation in relation to its cultivation design: either superficial (shallow) or in-hole planting.&#xa0;Cover and the aboveground biomass beneath- and adjacent to the tree canopy were measured in both cultivation designs. Besides, soil physicochemical properties and microbial activities were investigated. Effects of rhizosphere soil of the tree and its shading effect on emergence and growth were determined on bermudagrass; the green cover of the urban landscape. Soil phenolics and flavonoids were investigated by chromatographic analyses.&#xa0;Plant cover and biomass were declined under the shallow-cultivated trees. Soil alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase were also suppressed. Shallow-planted trees reduced available potassium, phosphorus, and manganese, but enhanced nitrogen and nitrogenase activity. Rhizosphere soil inhibited emergence and growth of bermudagrass, whereas the shading canopy <i>C</i>. <i>javanica</i> had no effect. This soil contained significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids.&#xa0;Root stratification was a factor determining the effect of this tree. Decline in cover and biomass of the urban vegetation may be associated with phytotoxins released from shallow roots of superficially-cultivated <i>Cassia</i> trees. The shading canopy was not likely affecting the understory vegetation. Shallow roots of such tree may represent an architecture restricting vegetation growth and impair normal microbial functioning in soil. Mostly, in-hole planting of <i>C</i>. <i>javanica</i> maintains vegetation and soil microbial function of the urban landscape. Mode of cultivation should be appointed carefully for conservation of the urban vegetation.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Shifting Cassia javanica Cultivation From Shallow to In-hole Systems Maintains Microbial Activity and Plant Cover in the Urban Landscapes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月9日

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  • Mahmoud O. Hassan,
  • Mohamed Al-zharani,
  • Wesal S. Tanko,
  • Bader Z. Albogami,
  • Yehia Hazzazi,
  • Lina M. Alneghery,
  • Fahd A. Nasr,
  • Amany A. H. Abeed,
  • Howida Y. Mohamed,
  • Maha H. Khalaf,
  • Khaled N. M. El-Sayed

摘要

Cassia javanica is one of the commonly cultivated trees in urban landscapes worldwide. This study assessed the ecological effects of such tree on the urban vegetation in relation to its cultivation design: either superficial (shallow) or in-hole planting. Cover and the aboveground biomass beneath- and adjacent to the tree canopy were measured in both cultivation designs. Besides, soil physicochemical properties and microbial activities were investigated. Effects of rhizosphere soil of the tree and its shading effect on emergence and growth were determined on bermudagrass; the green cover of the urban landscape. Soil phenolics and flavonoids were investigated by chromatographic analyses. Plant cover and biomass were declined under the shallow-cultivated trees. Soil alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase were also suppressed. Shallow-planted trees reduced available potassium, phosphorus, and manganese, but enhanced nitrogen and nitrogenase activity. Rhizosphere soil inhibited emergence and growth of bermudagrass, whereas the shading canopy C. javanica had no effect. This soil contained significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids. Root stratification was a factor determining the effect of this tree. Decline in cover and biomass of the urban vegetation may be associated with phytotoxins released from shallow roots of superficially-cultivated Cassia trees. The shading canopy was not likely affecting the understory vegetation. Shallow roots of such tree may represent an architecture restricting vegetation growth and impair normal microbial functioning in soil. Mostly, in-hole planting of C. javanica maintains vegetation and soil microbial function of the urban landscape. Mode of cultivation should be appointed carefully for conservation of the urban vegetation.

Graphical Abstract