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<p>Agroecosystem’s performance is primarily shaped by soil microbial functioning, judicious nitrogen (N) use, and ecologically sound crop residue management. N transformations in soil during crop growth regulate both microbial activity and N availability to plants. However, the interactive effects of crop residue retention/incorporation and optimized N application timing are not well elucidated. The present study was therefore conducted to investigate the effects of in-situ rice residue management combined with different N scheduling strategies on soil enzymatic activities, microbial N cycling processes and wheat yield in rice–wheat cropping system. A two-year split-plot field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana with residue management practices in main plots and N scheduling strategies in sub plots. N transformation via. N cycling enzymes, microbes, microbial biomass, nitrification enzyme activities and mineral N fractions were assessed across different growth stages of wheat crop. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify key indicators of microbial N transformation. The results from the experiment revealed that, L-asparaginase and protease enzymes peaked at maximum tillering, while urease was highest at crown root initiation stage. Also, nitrate reducers dominated at flowering, ammonia oxidizers at crown root initiation and N fixers at maximum tillering stage. Ammoniacal-N exceeded nitrate-N during active growth stages but declined at maturity. Heterotrophic nitrification enzyme activity contributed ~ 84.2% of total nitrification. Additionally, wheat yield was higher under zero tillage full residue retention than conventional tillage full residue incorporation, while 40% nitrogen application at sowing and rest 60% at 55 days after sowing gave highest grain yield. Principal component analysis identified protease, N fixers, ammoniacal-N and autotrophic nitrification enzyme activity as key soil quality indicators. Hence, results from the present study indicated that in-situ rice residue management with optimized nitrogen scheduling enhanced soil microbial N transformations and increased wheat yield. Microbial activity and enzyme mediated N processes were growth stage dependent, peaking at crown root initiation, maximum tillering and flowering stage but decreased at maturity. Therefore, in-situ rice residue retention with optimized N scheduling can enhance soil N pools, sustain soil biological functioning and increase wheat yield while reducing reliance on rice residue burning.</p>

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Rice Residue Management and Nitrogen Scheduling Impacts on Wheat Yield and Soil Microbial Nitrogen Transformation at Critical Growth Stages

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • Nihar Gupta,
  • Sandeep Sharma,
  • Paawan Kaur

摘要

Agroecosystem’s performance is primarily shaped by soil microbial functioning, judicious nitrogen (N) use, and ecologically sound crop residue management. N transformations in soil during crop growth regulate both microbial activity and N availability to plants. However, the interactive effects of crop residue retention/incorporation and optimized N application timing are not well elucidated. The present study was therefore conducted to investigate the effects of in-situ rice residue management combined with different N scheduling strategies on soil enzymatic activities, microbial N cycling processes and wheat yield in rice–wheat cropping system. A two-year split-plot field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana with residue management practices in main plots and N scheduling strategies in sub plots. N transformation via. N cycling enzymes, microbes, microbial biomass, nitrification enzyme activities and mineral N fractions were assessed across different growth stages of wheat crop. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify key indicators of microbial N transformation. The results from the experiment revealed that, L-asparaginase and protease enzymes peaked at maximum tillering, while urease was highest at crown root initiation stage. Also, nitrate reducers dominated at flowering, ammonia oxidizers at crown root initiation and N fixers at maximum tillering stage. Ammoniacal-N exceeded nitrate-N during active growth stages but declined at maturity. Heterotrophic nitrification enzyme activity contributed ~ 84.2% of total nitrification. Additionally, wheat yield was higher under zero tillage full residue retention than conventional tillage full residue incorporation, while 40% nitrogen application at sowing and rest 60% at 55 days after sowing gave highest grain yield. Principal component analysis identified protease, N fixers, ammoniacal-N and autotrophic nitrification enzyme activity as key soil quality indicators. Hence, results from the present study indicated that in-situ rice residue management with optimized nitrogen scheduling enhanced soil microbial N transformations and increased wheat yield. Microbial activity and enzyme mediated N processes were growth stage dependent, peaking at crown root initiation, maximum tillering and flowering stage but decreased at maturity. Therefore, in-situ rice residue retention with optimized N scheduling can enhance soil N pools, sustain soil biological functioning and increase wheat yield while reducing reliance on rice residue burning.