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<p>Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rice cultivation are increasing with rising food demand, challenging sustainable agriculture. Thailand—a major global rice producer—contributes substantially to these emissions. While alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation is promoted for mitigation, the combined effects of AWD with soil amendments such as silicate fertilizer (SF), nitrification inhibitors (NI), and biochar (BI) under tropical field conditions remain unclear.&#xa0;A two-year (four-season) field study was conducted across three major double-season rice-growing regions in Thailand. Treatments included AWD alone and AWD combined with SF, NI, BI, SF + BI, and NI + BI, compared with traditional continuous flooding (CF). GHG emissions, soil properties, yield, and irrigation water use were assessed alongside microbial community dynamics.&#xa0;AWD enhanced soil aeration and reduced GHG emissions by 13.6–20.9% in the wet season and 47.0–58.8% in the dry season relative to CF, with the greatest reductions observed in sandy loam soil. Under AWD, SF, NI, and BI further reduced GHG emissions by 19.4%, 7.00%, and 18.9%, respectively. SF reduced methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions by suppressing methanogenesis, NI decreased nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions by inhibiting nitrification, while BI mitigated GHG emissions attributed to both CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O production processes. Combined applications (SF + BI or NI + BI) with AWD achieved greater reductions without yield penalties.&#xa0;AWD improved water productivity, BI enhanced soil properties, and SF supported greater yield gains than NI. The most effective treatment—AWD + SF+BI—achieved the lowest yield-scaled GHG emissions, offering a robust climate-smart strategy to advance Thailand’s and global net-zero GHG targets.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Synergistic Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Rice Cultivation Through Alternate Wetting and Drying Combined with Soil Amendments

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月10日

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  • Patikorn Sriphirom,
  • Benjamas Rossopa,
  • Kanokpol Kaewnoi

摘要

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rice cultivation are increasing with rising food demand, challenging sustainable agriculture. Thailand—a major global rice producer—contributes substantially to these emissions. While alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation is promoted for mitigation, the combined effects of AWD with soil amendments such as silicate fertilizer (SF), nitrification inhibitors (NI), and biochar (BI) under tropical field conditions remain unclear. A two-year (four-season) field study was conducted across three major double-season rice-growing regions in Thailand. Treatments included AWD alone and AWD combined with SF, NI, BI, SF + BI, and NI + BI, compared with traditional continuous flooding (CF). GHG emissions, soil properties, yield, and irrigation water use were assessed alongside microbial community dynamics. AWD enhanced soil aeration and reduced GHG emissions by 13.6–20.9% in the wet season and 47.0–58.8% in the dry season relative to CF, with the greatest reductions observed in sandy loam soil. Under AWD, SF, NI, and BI further reduced GHG emissions by 19.4%, 7.00%, and 18.9%, respectively. SF reduced methane (CH4) emissions by suppressing methanogenesis, NI decreased nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions by inhibiting nitrification, while BI mitigated GHG emissions attributed to both CH4 and N2O production processes. Combined applications (SF + BI or NI + BI) with AWD achieved greater reductions without yield penalties. AWD improved water productivity, BI enhanced soil properties, and SF supported greater yield gains than NI. The most effective treatment—AWD + SF+BI—achieved the lowest yield-scaled GHG emissions, offering a robust climate-smart strategy to advance Thailand’s and global net-zero GHG targets.

Graphical Abstract