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<p>Salicylic acid is a phenolic plant hormone widely studied for its role in enhancing tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, yet its concurrent cytological, antibacterial, and genetic impacts across different biological systems remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, we adopt a dual bioassay strategy (plant + bacteria) to provide an integrated assessment of salicylic acid’s bioactivity and potential toxicity, thereby linking its role in stress physiology to both plant cell division and bacterial growth inhibition within a single experimental framework. The study’s purpose is to evaluate the cytological, antibacterial, and genetic effects of salicylic acid on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Allium cepa root tip meristematic cells. By combining plant cytology with bacterial inhibition assays and molecular profiling (protein electrophoresis and IRAP markers) in the same study, we aim to connect visible cytological alterations with underlying genetic and proteomic variation, and to explore whether the doses that affect plant meristematic cells are also relevant for antibacterial activity. A. cepa root tip cells were treated with different concentrations of salicylic acid (1, 5, and 10 mM) to determine the mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations, antibacterial activity, protein electrophoresis, and the inter-retrotransposon-amplified polymorphism (IRAP) markers. In A. cepa root tip cells, salicylic acid dramatically decreased MI; this decrease was more pronounced at higher doses and for longer exposure times. The highest percentage of chromosomal aberrations, 81.25% at 10 mM after 24 h, was seen in sticky chromosomes, lagging chromosomes, star anaphase, and bridges. According to antibacterial testing, salicylic acid inhibited S. epidermidis; the biggest inhibitory zone (2.367 cm) was produced at 2% concentration. Genetic fingerprinting with IRAP markers yielded 126 amplicons with 59.5% polymorphism, whereas protein analysis identified 20 peptide bands. By lowering the mitotic index and causing chromosomal aberrations in A. cepa root tip cells, salicylic acid has an impact on cell division. By using protein and IRAP marker analysis, it shows the considerable genetic diversity in onion root samples and exhibits antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis. Future studies should investigate the molecular mechanisms involved and assess the long-term effects of salicylic acid exposure to guide its use in stress management and sustainable crop production.</p>

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Evaluation of Salicylic Acid’s Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Effects: Insights from Allium cepa Meristematic Cells, Protein Electrophoresis, and IRAP Marker

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月13日

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  • Amal Mohamed AlGarawi,
  • Jumanah Ali Al-Farraj,
  • Latifah Abdullrahman AL-Humaid,
  • Nura Alsakabi

摘要

Salicylic acid is a phenolic plant hormone widely studied for its role in enhancing tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, yet its concurrent cytological, antibacterial, and genetic impacts across different biological systems remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, we adopt a dual bioassay strategy (plant + bacteria) to provide an integrated assessment of salicylic acid’s bioactivity and potential toxicity, thereby linking its role in stress physiology to both plant cell division and bacterial growth inhibition within a single experimental framework. The study’s purpose is to evaluate the cytological, antibacterial, and genetic effects of salicylic acid on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Allium cepa root tip meristematic cells. By combining plant cytology with bacterial inhibition assays and molecular profiling (protein electrophoresis and IRAP markers) in the same study, we aim to connect visible cytological alterations with underlying genetic and proteomic variation, and to explore whether the doses that affect plant meristematic cells are also relevant for antibacterial activity. A. cepa root tip cells were treated with different concentrations of salicylic acid (1, 5, and 10 mM) to determine the mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations, antibacterial activity, protein electrophoresis, and the inter-retrotransposon-amplified polymorphism (IRAP) markers. In A. cepa root tip cells, salicylic acid dramatically decreased MI; this decrease was more pronounced at higher doses and for longer exposure times. The highest percentage of chromosomal aberrations, 81.25% at 10 mM after 24 h, was seen in sticky chromosomes, lagging chromosomes, star anaphase, and bridges. According to antibacterial testing, salicylic acid inhibited S. epidermidis; the biggest inhibitory zone (2.367 cm) was produced at 2% concentration. Genetic fingerprinting with IRAP markers yielded 126 amplicons with 59.5% polymorphism, whereas protein analysis identified 20 peptide bands. By lowering the mitotic index and causing chromosomal aberrations in A. cepa root tip cells, salicylic acid has an impact on cell division. By using protein and IRAP marker analysis, it shows the considerable genetic diversity in onion root samples and exhibits antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis. Future studies should investigate the molecular mechanisms involved and assess the long-term effects of salicylic acid exposure to guide its use in stress management and sustainable crop production.