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<p>Wild edible marshy hydrophytes (WELVs) are integral to traditional diets in various regions, yet their tendency to bioaccumulate heavy metals (HMs) from contaminated habitats warrants serious toxicological scrutiny. We aimed to assess the concentration and toxicological risks of five key HMs—Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Arsenic (As), and Cadmium (Cd)—in commonly consumed WELVs collected from three ecologically distinct sites in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Toxicological effects were assessed using estimated daily intake (EDI) values compared against reference oral dose (RfD), maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). Our results showed that among the studied heavy metals, only Pb concentrations were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) different among study sites, while Cr, Ni, As, and Cd did not vary significantly. As levels in <i>Colocasia</i> ranged from 2.5 to 3.2 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, peaking in the industrial area with an average of 3.137 ± 0.209 mg kg<sup>− 1</sup>, making it the most unsafe for consumption. Although the EDI, THQ, and HI values for all metals remained within acceptable safety limits, As concentrations in all species exceeded the ILCR threshold, indicating a potential carcinogenic risk. Ni concentrations were also near the upper safety boundary, suggesting the need for continued monitoring while other metals showed ILCR values between 10⁻⁶ and 10⁻⁴. However, cumulative ILCR values (&gt; 10⁻³) were well above the cancer risk limit for all vegetables across the studied sites. Although most heavy metal concentrations were within limits, elevated As and high cumulative cancer risk indicate the studied WELVs are unsafe for long-term consumption, posing significant health risks across all sites.</p>

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Heavy Metal Assessment in Wild Edible Marshland Hydrophytes Across Diverse Habitats and their Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Risk in Northern Bangladesh

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月3日

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  • Sabrina Naz,
  • Md Mizanur Rahman,
  • Nafiul Islam,
  • Masuma Khatun,
  • Shah Md Golam Gousul Azam

摘要

Wild edible marshy hydrophytes (WELVs) are integral to traditional diets in various regions, yet their tendency to bioaccumulate heavy metals (HMs) from contaminated habitats warrants serious toxicological scrutiny. We aimed to assess the concentration and toxicological risks of five key HMs—Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Arsenic (As), and Cadmium (Cd)—in commonly consumed WELVs collected from three ecologically distinct sites in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Toxicological effects were assessed using estimated daily intake (EDI) values compared against reference oral dose (RfD), maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). Our results showed that among the studied heavy metals, only Pb concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) different among study sites, while Cr, Ni, As, and Cd did not vary significantly. As levels in Colocasia ranged from 2.5 to 3.2 mg kg−1, peaking in the industrial area with an average of 3.137 ± 0.209 mg kg− 1, making it the most unsafe for consumption. Although the EDI, THQ, and HI values for all metals remained within acceptable safety limits, As concentrations in all species exceeded the ILCR threshold, indicating a potential carcinogenic risk. Ni concentrations were also near the upper safety boundary, suggesting the need for continued monitoring while other metals showed ILCR values between 10⁻⁶ and 10⁻⁴. However, cumulative ILCR values (> 10⁻³) were well above the cancer risk limit for all vegetables across the studied sites. Although most heavy metal concentrations were within limits, elevated As and high cumulative cancer risk indicate the studied WELVs are unsafe for long-term consumption, posing significant health risks across all sites.