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<p>Copper (Cu) accumulation is a major concern in agricultural production systems due to potential toxicity to plants and environmental contamination. Soil testing is the best available means to determine nutrient availability, but different analytical methods extract various amounts of Cu. Hence, critical levels of Cu toxicity need to be defined for multiple extractants to ensure adequate interpretation of potential element toxicity to plants. Objective: Our study aimed to (a) evaluate Cu availability in soils using three different chemical extractants (CaCl2, Mehlich-1, and EDTA) and (b) identify black oats (<i>Avena strigosa L.</i>) physiological responses that can be used as indicators of Cu phytotoxicity potential and assist in defining critical Cu toxicity levels.&#xa0;A greenhouse experiment was conducted with three soils previously incubated with different Cu rates. Soil Cu availability was analyzed by CaCl2 0.01 mol L− 1, Mehlich-1, and EDTA, and the concentrations were correlated to black oats relative dry matter yield and plant photosynthetic parameters (i.e., photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, total chlorophylls, and carotenoids) of plant growth in soil without Cu application.&#xa0;Soil testing methods recovered different amounts of Cu in the following order: EDTA &gt; Mehlich-1 &gt; CaCl2, with CaCl2 being the method with the lowest sensitivity to assess Cu availability. Soil clay content affected Mehlich-1 Cu extractions, with concentration decreasing for soils with greater clay content. The highest plant Cu concentrations were observed in the roots, with little variation in concentrations in the shoot. The EDTA and Mehlich-1analytical methods showed different critical Cu toxicity concentrations for black oats dry matter and photosynthetic parameters.&#xa0;The analytical methods showed different Cu extraction capacities, with concentrations increasing in the following order: EDTA &gt; Mehlich-1 &gt; CaCl₂, and concentration differences being influenced by soil clay and organic matter contents. Therefore, critical Cu phytotoxicity levels should consider both soil characteristics and the extraction method used. The inhibitory concentrations IC25 and IC50 values were consistent for biomass and photosynthetic rate, indicating the latter as an effective non-destructive method to monitor plant metal-induced stress. However, interactions with other nutrients and abiotic stresses still require further investigation.</p>

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Assessment of Soil Analytical Methods and Black Oats (Avena strigosa L.) Morphological and Physiological Responses to Copper Toxicity

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月4日

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  • Paulo Ademar Avelar Ferreira,
  • Cesar Cella,
  • Leandro Souza da Silva,
  • Gerson Laerson Drescher,
  • Daniela Basso Facco,
  • Camila Peligrinotti Tarouco,
  • Fábio Joel Kochem Mallmann,
  • Adriele Tassinari,
  • Gustavo Brunetto

摘要

Copper (Cu) accumulation is a major concern in agricultural production systems due to potential toxicity to plants and environmental contamination. Soil testing is the best available means to determine nutrient availability, but different analytical methods extract various amounts of Cu. Hence, critical levels of Cu toxicity need to be defined for multiple extractants to ensure adequate interpretation of potential element toxicity to plants. Objective: Our study aimed to (a) evaluate Cu availability in soils using three different chemical extractants (CaCl2, Mehlich-1, and EDTA) and (b) identify black oats (Avena strigosa L.) physiological responses that can be used as indicators of Cu phytotoxicity potential and assist in defining critical Cu toxicity levels. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with three soils previously incubated with different Cu rates. Soil Cu availability was analyzed by CaCl2 0.01 mol L− 1, Mehlich-1, and EDTA, and the concentrations were correlated to black oats relative dry matter yield and plant photosynthetic parameters (i.e., photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, total chlorophylls, and carotenoids) of plant growth in soil without Cu application. Soil testing methods recovered different amounts of Cu in the following order: EDTA > Mehlich-1 > CaCl2, with CaCl2 being the method with the lowest sensitivity to assess Cu availability. Soil clay content affected Mehlich-1 Cu extractions, with concentration decreasing for soils with greater clay content. The highest plant Cu concentrations were observed in the roots, with little variation in concentrations in the shoot. The EDTA and Mehlich-1analytical methods showed different critical Cu toxicity concentrations for black oats dry matter and photosynthetic parameters. The analytical methods showed different Cu extraction capacities, with concentrations increasing in the following order: EDTA > Mehlich-1 > CaCl₂, and concentration differences being influenced by soil clay and organic matter contents. Therefore, critical Cu phytotoxicity levels should consider both soil characteristics and the extraction method used. The inhibitory concentrations IC25 and IC50 values were consistent for biomass and photosynthetic rate, indicating the latter as an effective non-destructive method to monitor plant metal-induced stress. However, interactions with other nutrients and abiotic stresses still require further investigation.