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<p>Biochar is a sustainable soil amendment that improves soil fertility and plant growth. However, the effects of jujube-derived biochar, a novel and underexplored source, on pot marigold remain unclear.&#xa0;This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different application rates of jujube biochar on the growth, yield, and phytochemical attributes of pot marigold (<i>Calendula officinalis</i> L.).&#xa0;This study was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design with four replications under greenhouse conditions. Treatments included a control (no biochar application) and biochar applied at 1%, 2%, 3%, and 5% by weight. Morphological, physiological, and phytochemical parameters were measured.&#xa0;Biochar significantly affected vegetative growth, flowering and secondary metabolite accumulation. The 1% biochar increased leaf and flower numbers 44% and 33% respectively. Fresh and dry weights of flowers in plants treated with 2% biochar increased by 36% and 16%. Application of 1% biochar increased the content of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophylls in the leaf by 2.6, 2.0, and 2.4 times, respectively. Different levels of biochar significantly influenced the contents of carotenoids, total phenols, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in leaves and flowers. The phenol content in leaves increased by 13% with 5% biochar application, while 1% biochar led to a 15% increase in leaf flavonoids.&#xa0;Overall, the results indicate that jujube biochar application at lower levels (1–2%) improves growth, flowering, yield, and bioactive compounds in pot marigolds, suggesting its potential as a sustainable soil amendment in medicinal plant cultivation. Further field studies are recommended to validate these findings under diverse environmental conditions.</p>

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Effects of Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Biochar Application Rates on the Growth, Yield, and Phytochemical Properties of Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Abdulghiyas Radan,
  • Hassan Bayat,
  • Mohammad Javad Vahidi,
  • Saeed Daghighi

摘要

Biochar is a sustainable soil amendment that improves soil fertility and plant growth. However, the effects of jujube-derived biochar, a novel and underexplored source, on pot marigold remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different application rates of jujube biochar on the growth, yield, and phytochemical attributes of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). This study was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design with four replications under greenhouse conditions. Treatments included a control (no biochar application) and biochar applied at 1%, 2%, 3%, and 5% by weight. Morphological, physiological, and phytochemical parameters were measured. Biochar significantly affected vegetative growth, flowering and secondary metabolite accumulation. The 1% biochar increased leaf and flower numbers 44% and 33% respectively. Fresh and dry weights of flowers in plants treated with 2% biochar increased by 36% and 16%. Application of 1% biochar increased the content of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophylls in the leaf by 2.6, 2.0, and 2.4 times, respectively. Different levels of biochar significantly influenced the contents of carotenoids, total phenols, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in leaves and flowers. The phenol content in leaves increased by 13% with 5% biochar application, while 1% biochar led to a 15% increase in leaf flavonoids. Overall, the results indicate that jujube biochar application at lower levels (1–2%) improves growth, flowering, yield, and bioactive compounds in pot marigolds, suggesting its potential as a sustainable soil amendment in medicinal plant cultivation. Further field studies are recommended to validate these findings under diverse environmental conditions.