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<p>Maize production on saline-alkali soils in Ningxia’s Yellow River irrigation region faces challenges of low yield and nitrogen use efficiency. This study aimed to elucidate the coupling mechanisms between dry matter accumulation, Nitrogen (N) utilization, and yield formation in maize under saline-alkali stress, and to identify optimal nitrogen rates and cultivars.&#xa0;A two-year split-plot field experiment was conducted using two maize cultivars (‘DK815’ [DK], ‘Xianyu 1225’ [XY]) under four N levels (N1: 0, N2: 150, N3: 225, N4: 300 kg N ha⁻¹). Dry matter, nitrogen accumulation dynamics, yield components, and nitrogen use efficiency indicators were measured. A comprehensive model integrating entropy weight method, technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution, and adversarial interpretive structural model (EWM-TOPSIS-AISM) was employed to assess overall performance.&#xa0;Nitrogen fertilization was a key driver for enhancing maize productivity in saline-alkali soils. N3–N4 increased total dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, optimized accumulation dynamics, leading to higher maximum accumulation rate (Vmax), an earlier time at which the maximum accumulation rate occurs (Tmax), and improved translocation and allocation of assimilates to grains. N3–N4 treatments increasing yield by 79.78%–97.82% (DK) and113.00%–118.48% (XY) compared to N1. Furthermore, the partial factor productivity from applied nitrogen (PFP) declined with increasing nitrogen rates, both nitrogen recovery efficiency (RE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) exhibited an upward trend. The EWM-TOPSIS evaluation consistently ranked the treatments as N4 &gt; N3 &gt; N2 &gt; N1 for both cultivars, with DKN4 generally outperforming XYN4. The AISM analysis revealed multi-level hierarchical structures and consistently placed the DKN4 treatment combination at the highest tier.&#xa0;In general, applying 300 kg N ha⁻¹ to the more salt-tolerant DK815 cultivar represents the optimal strategy for achieving the highest yield and overall system performance for maize production under the studied saline-alkali conditions.</p>

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Comprehensive Evaluation of Maize Material Production and Nitrogen Utilization in Saline-Alkali Land Under Different Nitrogen Application Levels Based on EWM-TOPSIS-AISM Models

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Weifan Liu,
  • Hao Liu,
  • Fenglan Ma,
  • Menghu Wan,
  • Tao Li,
  • Xiaoying Ma,
  • Yong Cui,
  • Linfeng Huang,
  • Jili Liu,
  • Na Wu

摘要

Maize production on saline-alkali soils in Ningxia’s Yellow River irrigation region faces challenges of low yield and nitrogen use efficiency. This study aimed to elucidate the coupling mechanisms between dry matter accumulation, Nitrogen (N) utilization, and yield formation in maize under saline-alkali stress, and to identify optimal nitrogen rates and cultivars. A two-year split-plot field experiment was conducted using two maize cultivars (‘DK815’ [DK], ‘Xianyu 1225’ [XY]) under four N levels (N1: 0, N2: 150, N3: 225, N4: 300 kg N ha⁻¹). Dry matter, nitrogen accumulation dynamics, yield components, and nitrogen use efficiency indicators were measured. A comprehensive model integrating entropy weight method, technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution, and adversarial interpretive structural model (EWM-TOPSIS-AISM) was employed to assess overall performance. Nitrogen fertilization was a key driver for enhancing maize productivity in saline-alkali soils. N3–N4 increased total dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, optimized accumulation dynamics, leading to higher maximum accumulation rate (Vmax), an earlier time at which the maximum accumulation rate occurs (Tmax), and improved translocation and allocation of assimilates to grains. N3–N4 treatments increasing yield by 79.78%–97.82% (DK) and113.00%–118.48% (XY) compared to N1. Furthermore, the partial factor productivity from applied nitrogen (PFP) declined with increasing nitrogen rates, both nitrogen recovery efficiency (RE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) exhibited an upward trend. The EWM-TOPSIS evaluation consistently ranked the treatments as N4 > N3 > N2 > N1 for both cultivars, with DKN4 generally outperforming XYN4. The AISM analysis revealed multi-level hierarchical structures and consistently placed the DKN4 treatment combination at the highest tier. In general, applying 300 kg N ha⁻¹ to the more salt-tolerant DK815 cultivar represents the optimal strategy for achieving the highest yield and overall system performance for maize production under the studied saline-alkali conditions.