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<p>The use of wastewater for irrigation introduces chromium (Cr), posing a severe threat to global food security by contaminating widely consumed crops like tomato, which are highly susceptible to its toxicity. Innovative strategies are urgently needed to mitigate Cr toxicity and ensure food safety. This study investigates the efficacy of a novel combined amendment, integrating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with biochar, as a solution to enhance plant resilience and reduce Cr uptake.&#xa0;Tomato plants were subjected to two Cr stress levels (159 and 260&#xa0;mg L⁻¹). Treatments included soil amendments of 1% simple biochar (SBc), 1% zinc oxide nanoparticle-enriched biochar (ZnOBc), and a 0.2% foliar zinc oxide nanoparticle spray (ZnF), with four replicates. We analyzed Cr uptake, subcellular distribution, oxidative stress markers, and osmotic adjustment.&#xa0;Cr stress severely impaired plant physiology, increasing Cr accumulation and oxidative damage. The combined ZnOBc + ZnF treatment was most effective, increasing Cr accumulation in root cell walls while reducing it in leaf cell walls and Cr-induced oxidative stress. ZnOBc + ZnF treatment not only increased enzymatic antioxidants but also increased total phenolics and flavonoids under Cr stress. The Life cycle analysis showed ZnOBc + ZnF yielded reductions in agricultural soil Cr (-1.98E + 02 and − 4.7E + 01&#xa0;mg kg⁻¹) and human toxicity (-2.00E + 01 and − 1.64E-11&#xa0;kg 1,4-DB eq.) at soil1 and soil2, respectively.&#xa0;The synergistic ZnOBc + ZnF treatment is a highly effective strategy to alleviate Cr toxicity in tomatoes. This approach directly contributes to sustainable agriculture by improving crop resilience, reducing heavy metal entry into the food chain, and providing a viable method for utilising wastewater irrigation to conserve freshwater resources.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Subcellular Distribution and Life Cycle Analysis of Chromium Toxicity in Tomato: Alleviation through Zinc Nanoparticles Enriched Biochar

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月11日

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  • Waqas ud Din Khan,
  • Seemal Naeem,
  • Mohsin Tanveer

摘要

The use of wastewater for irrigation introduces chromium (Cr), posing a severe threat to global food security by contaminating widely consumed crops like tomato, which are highly susceptible to its toxicity. Innovative strategies are urgently needed to mitigate Cr toxicity and ensure food safety. This study investigates the efficacy of a novel combined amendment, integrating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with biochar, as a solution to enhance plant resilience and reduce Cr uptake. Tomato plants were subjected to two Cr stress levels (159 and 260 mg L⁻¹). Treatments included soil amendments of 1% simple biochar (SBc), 1% zinc oxide nanoparticle-enriched biochar (ZnOBc), and a 0.2% foliar zinc oxide nanoparticle spray (ZnF), with four replicates. We analyzed Cr uptake, subcellular distribution, oxidative stress markers, and osmotic adjustment. Cr stress severely impaired plant physiology, increasing Cr accumulation and oxidative damage. The combined ZnOBc + ZnF treatment was most effective, increasing Cr accumulation in root cell walls while reducing it in leaf cell walls and Cr-induced oxidative stress. ZnOBc + ZnF treatment not only increased enzymatic antioxidants but also increased total phenolics and flavonoids under Cr stress. The Life cycle analysis showed ZnOBc + ZnF yielded reductions in agricultural soil Cr (-1.98E + 02 and − 4.7E + 01 mg kg⁻¹) and human toxicity (-2.00E + 01 and − 1.64E-11 kg 1,4-DB eq.) at soil1 and soil2, respectively. The synergistic ZnOBc + ZnF treatment is a highly effective strategy to alleviate Cr toxicity in tomatoes. This approach directly contributes to sustainable agriculture by improving crop resilience, reducing heavy metal entry into the food chain, and providing a viable method for utilising wastewater irrigation to conserve freshwater resources.

Graphical Abstract